Comperative Analyses of Design Codes of High-Tech Buildings from Seventies with Contemporary Examples
Öz
High-Tech Architecture, which emerged in the 1970s, is based on the holistic integration of advanced technology into architectural design. This study examines the fundamental principles of the movement, the designs of pioneering architects, and their contemporary reflections. Drawing on national and international literature, design codes were derived from the discourses and projects of pioneering figures such as Renzo Piano, Norman Foster, Richard Rogers, Nicholas Grimshaw, and Ian Ritchie, focusing on form, function, method, and material. The analysis of four contemporary high-rise buildings equipped with advanced technological systems was compared with these codes to highlight similarities and differences between the two periods. Within the scope of a three-stage methodology, the founding principles of the movement were first determined through a literature review, codes were derived from the discourses of pioneering architects in the second stage, and in the final stage, past codes were compared with contemporary examples. The findings reveal significant transformations in material use, production techniques, and understanding of form. Approaches that focused on daylight in the 1970s now strengthen the relationships between natural ventilation, light, and landscape through elements such as inner courtyards, projections, and terraces. Additionally, digital technologies and artificial intelligence-supported systems have become widespread in construction processes. In conclusion, high-tech architecture has undergone a profound evolution in both technical and spatial-aesthetic dimensions, parallel to technological advancements.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- ArchDaily. (2024, Ocak 10). 56 Leonard Street. https://www.archdaily.com/870107/305-56-leonard-street-herzog-and-de-meuron
- ArchDaily. (2024, Şubat 15). Norman Foster’s Sainsbury Centre listed. https://www.archdaily.com/312783/norman-fosters-sainsbury-centre-listed
- ArchDaily. (2024, Mart 20). VIA 57 West by BIG. https://www.archdaily.com/794950/via-57-west-big
- Archinect. (2023, Ekim 13). BIG completes award-winning The Spiral tower in Manhattan. https://archinect.com/news/article/150391366/big-completes-award-winning-the-spiral-tower-in-manhattan
- Architonic. (2024). Royal Academy of Music. https://www.architonic.com/en/project/ian-ritchie-architects-royal-academy-of-music/5105840
- At London Bridge. (2024). The view from the Shard. https://atlondonbridge.com/leisure/the-view-from-the-shard/
- Atuhaire, J. J. (2014). Yüksek teknoloji vs. soft tech. Contemporary Architectural Theory içinde.
- Block, I. (2019, Şubat 14). RIBA Royal Gold Medal 2019 winner Nicholas Grimshaw. Dezeen. https://www.dezeen.com/
- Causevic, A. ve Rustempasic, N. (2021). High-rise building construction technology. Technics Technologies Education Management (TTEM), 15(2), 80–88.
- Costello Palmer İletişim. (2018). Ian Ritchie Architects Ltd. ile özel röportaj. https://www.londonbuildexpo.com
- Davies, C. (1991). High tech architecture. Rizzoli.
- Dezeen. (2016, Şubat 8). The Spiral tower by BIG. https://www.dezeen.com/2016/02/08/the-spiral-office-tower-big-new-york-conceptual-design-skyscraper-bjarke-ingels/
- Dezeen. (2018, Eylül 27). Nicholas Grimshaw awarded 2019 RIBA Royal Gold Medal. https://www.dezeen.com/2018/09/27/nicholas-grimshaw-awarded-2019-riba-royal-gold-medal-news-architecture/
- Edwards, B. (1999). Sustainable architecture. Routledge.
- Foster + Partners. (1999). Meeting the Sainsburys [Konuşma metni]. https://www.fosterandpartners.com/media/546591/essay8.pdf
- Frampton, K. (1992). Modern architecture: A critical history. Thames & Hudson.
- Guo, X., Minghu, L. ve Zhang, S. (2017). Exploration on influence of development of yüksek teknoloji architecture on contemporary Chinese architecture. Proceedings of the 5th International Civil Engineering, Architecture and Machinery Conference, Qilu University of Technology.
- Herzog & de Meuron. (2017). Project 305: 56 Leonard Street. https://www.herzogdemeuron.com/projects/305-56-leonard-street/
- Jencks, C. (1984). The language of post-modern architecture. Academy Editions.
- Kayaalp, B. N. ve Örmecioğlu, H. T. (2022). Yüksek teknoloji mimarlığın geleceğinin fütüristik sinema üzerinden araştırılması. Mimarlık ve Yaşam, 7(2), 773–789.
- Kırcı, N. (2013). 20. yüzyıl mimarlığı (ss. 100–108). Yem Kitabevi.
- Mimdap. (2011, 17 Aralık). Renzo Piano ile söyleşi – Shard binası üzerine. http://mimdap.org/
- MVRDV. (2022, Eylül 20). Valley skyscraper opens in Amsterdam. Dezeen. https://www.dezeen.com/2022/09/20/valley-skyscraper-mvrdv-open-amsterdam/
- Oğultekin, G. (2007). Yüksek teknoloji yapılarında biçim/sentez ilişkisi [Doktora tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi]. YÖK Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
- Özgen, A. (1999). “Yüksek teknoloji” mimari. MSÜ Mimarlık Fakültesi, Yapı Bilgisi Anabilim Dalı Dergisi, (1).
- Picon, A. (2010). Digital culture in architecture. Birkhäuser.
- Pritzker Architecture Prize. (2007). Richard Rogers 2007 laureate acceptance speech. https://www.pritzkerprize.com/sites/default/files/inline-files/2007_Acceptance_Speech.pdf
- Pritzker Architecture Prize. (2024). Pompidou Center – Renzo Piano. https://www.pritzkerprize.com/laureates/2007
- Sağdıç, Z. (2016). 21st century architecture: Search for the concept. Megaron, 11(1), 179–186.
- Soyluk, A., İlerisoy, Z. Y., ve Dadaş, E. (2020). Evaluation of high-tech architectural movement from 20th century to today in terms of construction materials and structure. Z. Özçetin (Ed.), Mimarlık üzerine-1 içinde (ss. 172-184). IKSAD Publishing House.
- The Architect’s Newspaper. (2022, Eylül 21). MVRDV’s Valley: Craggy mixed-use complex in Zuidas. https://www.archpaper.com/2022/09/mvrdv-valley-craggy-mixed-use-complex-amsterdam-zuidas/
Öz
1970’lerde ortaya çıkan yüksek teknoloji mimarisi, ileri teknolojinin mimari tasarıma bütüncül biçimde entegrasyonuna dayanmaktadır. Bu çalışma; akımın temel ilkelerini, öncü mimarların tasarımlarını ve çağdaş yansımalarını incelemektedir. Ulusal ve uluslararası literatürden hareketle Renzo Piano, Norman Foster, Richard Rogers, Nicholas Grimshaw ve Ian Ritchie gibi öncü isimlerin söylem ve projelerinden biçim, işlev, yöntem ve malzeme başlıklarında tasarım kodları elde edilmektedir. İleri teknolojik sistemlerle donatılmış dört çağdaş yüksek binanın analizi, bu kodlarla karşılaştırılarak iki dönem arasındaki benzerlikler ve farklılıklar ortaya konmaktadır. Üç aşamalı metodoloji kapsamında ilk olarak literatür taramasıyla akımın kurucu ilkeleri belirlenmekte, ikinci aşamada öncü mimarların söylemlerinden kodlar türetilmekte, son aşamada ise geçmiş kodlar çağdaş örneklerle karşılaştırılmaktadır. Bulgular; malzeme kullanımı, üretim teknikleri ve biçim anlayışında önemli dönüşümlerin yaşandığını göstermektedir. 1970’lerde gün ışığına odaklanan yaklaşımlar, günümüzde iç avlu, çıkma ve teras gibi unsurlarla doğal havalandırma, ışık ve peyzaj ilişkilerini güçlendirmektedir. Ayrıca dijital teknolojiler ve yapay zekâ destekli sistemler inşaat süreçlerinde yaygınlaşmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, yüksek teknoloji mimarisi, teknolojik gelişmelere paralel olarak hem teknik hem de mekânsal-estetik boyutta köklü bir evrim geçirmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- ArchDaily. (2024, Ocak 10). 56 Leonard Street. https://www.archdaily.com/870107/305-56-leonard-street-herzog-and-de-meuron
- ArchDaily. (2024, Şubat 15). Norman Foster’s Sainsbury Centre listed. https://www.archdaily.com/312783/norman-fosters-sainsbury-centre-listed
- ArchDaily. (2024, Mart 20). VIA 57 West by BIG. https://www.archdaily.com/794950/via-57-west-big
- Archinect. (2023, Ekim 13). BIG completes award-winning The Spiral tower in Manhattan. https://archinect.com/news/article/150391366/big-completes-award-winning-the-spiral-tower-in-manhattan
- Architonic. (2024). Royal Academy of Music. https://www.architonic.com/en/project/ian-ritchie-architects-royal-academy-of-music/5105840
- At London Bridge. (2024). The view from the Shard. https://atlondonbridge.com/leisure/the-view-from-the-shard/
- Atuhaire, J. J. (2014). Yüksek teknoloji vs. soft tech. Contemporary Architectural Theory içinde.
- Block, I. (2019, Şubat 14). RIBA Royal Gold Medal 2019 winner Nicholas Grimshaw. Dezeen. https://www.dezeen.com/
- Causevic, A. ve Rustempasic, N. (2021). High-rise building construction technology. Technics Technologies Education Management (TTEM), 15(2), 80–88.
- Costello Palmer İletişim. (2018). Ian Ritchie Architects Ltd. ile özel röportaj. https://www.londonbuildexpo.com
- Davies, C. (1991). High tech architecture. Rizzoli.
- Dezeen. (2016, Şubat 8). The Spiral tower by BIG. https://www.dezeen.com/2016/02/08/the-spiral-office-tower-big-new-york-conceptual-design-skyscraper-bjarke-ingels/
- Dezeen. (2018, Eylül 27). Nicholas Grimshaw awarded 2019 RIBA Royal Gold Medal. https://www.dezeen.com/2018/09/27/nicholas-grimshaw-awarded-2019-riba-royal-gold-medal-news-architecture/
- Edwards, B. (1999). Sustainable architecture. Routledge.
- Foster + Partners. (1999). Meeting the Sainsburys [Konuşma metni]. https://www.fosterandpartners.com/media/546591/essay8.pdf
- Frampton, K. (1992). Modern architecture: A critical history. Thames & Hudson.
- Guo, X., Minghu, L. ve Zhang, S. (2017). Exploration on influence of development of yüksek teknoloji architecture on contemporary Chinese architecture. Proceedings of the 5th International Civil Engineering, Architecture and Machinery Conference, Qilu University of Technology.
- Herzog & de Meuron. (2017). Project 305: 56 Leonard Street. https://www.herzogdemeuron.com/projects/305-56-leonard-street/
- Jencks, C. (1984). The language of post-modern architecture. Academy Editions.
- Kayaalp, B. N. ve Örmecioğlu, H. T. (2022). Yüksek teknoloji mimarlığın geleceğinin fütüristik sinema üzerinden araştırılması. Mimarlık ve Yaşam, 7(2), 773–789.
- Kırcı, N. (2013). 20. yüzyıl mimarlığı (ss. 100–108). Yem Kitabevi.
- Mimdap. (2011, 17 Aralık). Renzo Piano ile söyleşi – Shard binası üzerine. http://mimdap.org/
- MVRDV. (2022, Eylül 20). Valley skyscraper opens in Amsterdam. Dezeen. https://www.dezeen.com/2022/09/20/valley-skyscraper-mvrdv-open-amsterdam/
- Oğultekin, G. (2007). Yüksek teknoloji yapılarında biçim/sentez ilişkisi [Doktora tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi]. YÖK Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
- Özgen, A. (1999). “Yüksek teknoloji” mimari. MSÜ Mimarlık Fakültesi, Yapı Bilgisi Anabilim Dalı Dergisi, (1).
- Picon, A. (2010). Digital culture in architecture. Birkhäuser.
- Pritzker Architecture Prize. (2007). Richard Rogers 2007 laureate acceptance speech. https://www.pritzkerprize.com/sites/default/files/inline-files/2007_Acceptance_Speech.pdf
- Pritzker Architecture Prize. (2024). Pompidou Center – Renzo Piano. https://www.pritzkerprize.com/laureates/2007
- Sağdıç, Z. (2016). 21st century architecture: Search for the concept. Megaron, 11(1), 179–186.
- Soyluk, A., İlerisoy, Z. Y., ve Dadaş, E. (2020). Evaluation of high-tech architectural movement from 20th century to today in terms of construction materials and structure. Z. Özçetin (Ed.), Mimarlık üzerine-1 içinde (ss. 172-184). IKSAD Publishing House.
- The Architect’s Newspaper. (2022, Eylül 21). MVRDV’s Valley: Craggy mixed-use complex in Zuidas. https://www.archpaper.com/2022/09/mvrdv-valley-craggy-mixed-use-complex-amsterdam-zuidas/
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Mimari Bilim ve Teknoloji, Mimari Tasarım, Mimarlık (Diğer) |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makalesi |
| Yazarlar | |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 19 Kasım 2024 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 18 Ağustos 2025 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 27 Aralık 2025 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2025 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2 |