Öz
Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the differences in white matter brain pathways between elite karate athletes and sedentary individuals using Tract Based Spatial Statistics (TBSS).
Methods: The study was conducted with 13 elite athletes between the ages of 18-35, with at least 10 years of experience in karate, competing at the European/World Championship level, and 13 sedentary subjects. In this study, anisotropy measurements were obtained from data collected with 3T MR using the FMRIB Software Library (FSL) toolbox. The obtained fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusion (MD), radial diffusion (RD) and axial diffusion (AD) values were compared between groups. Maps for these criteria were given as input to TBSS based on the adult brain template and the differences between the groups were revealed through TBSS skeletal maps. Statistical correction using threshold-free cluster enhancement (TFCE) in FSL revealed differences in white matter brain pathways between elite athletes and sedentary individuals.
Results: The mean FA values of 0.680 in elite karate athletes and 0.599 in sedentary participants revealed that there was a difference between the groups in the external capsule. Intergroup comparison using independent samples t test, the mean FA values of the external capsule of elite karate athletes were significantly higher than those of sedentary participants (p<0.001).
Conclusion: It is thought that the differentiation of the external capsule, which is important for its role in executive functions and providing corticocortical connections, may be a marker that occurs with the continous high intensity training process in karate athletes at elite level.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Alesi, M., Bianco, A., Padulo, J., Vella, F. P., Petrucci, M., Paoli, A., Palma, A. & Pepi, A. (2014). Motor and cognitive development: The role of karate. Muscles Ligaments Tendons Journal, 4(2), 114–120. DOI:10.11138/mltj/2014.4.2.114
- Andrejević, M., Meshi, D. & van den Bos, W. (2017). Individual differences in social desirability are associated with white-matter microstructure of the external capsule. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci., 17,1255–1264. DOI:10.3758/s13415-017-0548-2
- Babaeeghazvini, P., Rueda-Delgado, L. M., Gooijers, J., Swinnen, S. P. & Daffertshofer, A. (2021). Brain Structural and Functional Connectivity: A review of combined works of diffusion magnetic resonance imaging and electro-encephalography. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 15. DOI:10.3389/fnhum.2021.721206
- Bompa, T. & Carrera, M. (2015). Conditioning young athletes. Human Kinetics, USA.
- Brewer, C. (2017). Athletic movement skills training for sports performance. Human Kinetics, USA
- Chaabène, H., Hachana, Y., Franchini, E., Mkaouer, B. & Chamari, K. (2012). Physical and physiological profile of elite karate athletes. Sports Medicine, 42, 829–843. DOI:10.1007/BF03262297
- Cotterill, S. & Discombe, R. (2016). Enhancing decision-making during sports performance: Current understanding and future directions. Sport & Exercise Psychology Review, 12(1) 54-68.
- Crick, F. C., & Koch, C. (2005). What is the function of the claustrum?. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 360(1458), 1271-1279.
- Winn, P. (2003). Dictionary of biological psychology. Routledge.
- Dougherty, C. C., Evans, D. W., Myers, S. M., Moore, G. J., & Michael, A. M. (2016). A comparison of structural brain imaging findings in autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychology Review, 26, 25-43. DOI:10.1007/s11065-015-9300-2
- Draganski, B., Gaser, C., Busch, V., Schuierer, G., Bogdahn, U. & May, A. (2004). Neuroplasticity: Changes in grey matter induced by training. Nature, 427(6972), 311-312. DOI:10.1038/427311a
- Duru, A. D., & Balcioglu, T. H. (2018). Functional and structural plasticity of brain in elite karate athletes. Journal of Healthcare Engineering. DOI:10.1155/2018/8310975
- Ericsson, K. A., Krampe, R. T. & Tesch-Romer, C. (1993). The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance. Psychological Review, 100(3), 363-406. DOI:10.1037/0033-295X.100.3.363
- Filley C. M. (2002). Neuroanatomy. Ramachandran V. S. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of the Human Brain (p. 415). USA: Elsevier Science.
- Friedrich, P., Fraenz, C., Schlüter, C., Ocklenburg, S., Mädler, B., Güntürkün, O., Genç, E. (2020). The relationship between axon density, myelination, and fractional anisotropy in the human corpus callosum. Cerebral Cortex, 30(4), 2042-2056. DOI:10.1093/cercor/bhz221
- Fukuo, M., Kamagata, K., Kuramochi, M., Andica, C., Tomita, H., Waki, H., Sugano, H., …Naito, H. (2020). Regional brain gray matter volume in world-class artistic gymnasts. The Journal of Physiological Sciences, 70, 43. DOI:10.1186/s12576-020-00767-w
- Ghandili, M., & Munakomi, S. (2022). Neuroanatomy, Putamen. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. Erişim Tarihi:15.06.2023. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542170/
- Giedd, J. N., Molloy, E. A. & Blumenthal, J. (2002). Adolescent brain maturation. Ramachandran V. S. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of the Human Brain (p. 13). USA: Elsevier Science.
- Hakulinen, U., Brander, A., Ryymin, P., Öhman, J., Soimakallio, S., Helminen, M., …Eskola, H. (2012). Repeatability and variation of region-of-interest methods using quantitative diffusion tensor MR imaging of the brain. BMC Med Imaging. DOI:10.1186/1471-2342-12-30
- Henschke, J. U. & Pakan, J. M. P. (2023). Engaging distributed cortical and cerebellar networks through motor execution, observation, and imagery. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience, 17. DOI:10.3389/fnsys.2023.1165307
- Hwang, K. J., Park, K. C., Yoon, S. S., & Ahn, T. B. (2014). Unusual lesion in the bilateral external capsule following status epilepticus: A case report. Journal of Epilepsy Research, 4(2), 88–90. DOI:10.14581/jer.14019
- Masciotra, D., Ackermann, E. & Roth, W. M. (2001) “Maai”: The art of distancing in karate-do mutual attunement in close encounters. Journal of Adult Development, 8, 119-132. DOI:10.1023/A:1026498019155
- Netter, F. H. (2014). Atlas of Human Anatomy (3rd ed.), (s. 114). USA: ICON Learning Systems.
- Nolze-Charron, G., Dufort-Rouleau, R., Houde, J. C., Dumont, M., Castellano C. A., Cunnane, S., …Bocti C. (2020). Tractography of the external capsule and cognition: A diffusion MRI study of cholinergic fibers. Experimental Gerontology. DOI:10.1016/j.exger.2019.110792
- Ramos-Llordén, G., Maffei, C., Tian, Q., Bilgic, B., Witzel, T., Keil, B., …Huang, S., (15-20 Mayıs 2021). Ex-vivo whole human brain high b-value diffusion MRI at 550 micron with a 3T Connectom scanner. In Annual Meeting of the International Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, Virtual Meeting (s. 300).
- Roberts, R. E., Bain, P. G., Day, B. L. & Husain M. (2013). Individual differences in expert motor coordination associated with white matter microstructure in the cerebellum. Cerebral Cortex, 23(10), 2282–2292. DOI:10.1093/cercor/bhs219
- Scholz, J., Klein, M. C., Behrens, T. E. J. & Johansen-Berg H. (2009). Training induces changes in white-matter architecture. Nature Neuroscience 12, 1370–1371. DOI:10.1038/nn.2412
- Taubert, M., Draganski, B., Anwander, A., Müller, K., Horstmann, A., Villringer A. & Ragert P. (2010). Dynamic properties of human brain structure: Learning-related changes in cortical areas and associated fiber connections. Journal of Neuroscience, 30 (35), 11670-11677. DOI:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2567-10.2010
- Wei, P. T., Leong, D., Calabrese E., White, L., Pierce, T., Platt, S. & Provenzale, J. (2013). Diffusion tensor imaging of neural tissue organization: Correlations between radiologic and histologic parameters. Neuroradiol Journal, 26(5), 501-510. DOI:10.1177/197140091302600502
- Wilmskoetter, J., Daniels, S. K. & Miller, A. J. (2020). Cortical and subcortical control of swallowing-Can we use information from lesion locations to improve diagnosis and treatment for patients with stroke?. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 29(2S), 1030–1043. DOI:10.1044/2019_AJSLP-19-00068
- World Karate Federation. (2023). Kumite Competition Rules. Erişim adresi: https://www.wkf.net/pdf/WKF_Kumite_Competition_Rules_2023.pdf
Öz
Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, elit karate sporcularıyla sedanterler arasındaki beyaz madde beyin yolakları farklılıklarının Yolak Tabanlı Uzamsal İstatistik (YTUİ/TBSS) yöntemiyle belirlenmesidir.
Materyal ve Metot: Çalışmaya 18 – 35 yaş aralığında, Karate branşında en az 10 yıl tecrübesi bulunan, Avrupa/Dünya Şampiyonası seviyesinde müsabakalara katılan 13 elit gönüllü sporcu ile 13 sağlıklı sedanter birey katılmıştır. Bu çalışmada, 3 T MR ile toplanan verilerden anizotropi ölçümleri FMRIB Software Library (FSL) araç kutusu kullanılarak elde edilmiştir. Ulaşılan fraksiyonel anizotropi (FA), ortalama difüzyon (OD), radyal difüzyon (RD) ve aksiyal difüzyon (AD) değerleri gruplar arasında karşılaştırılmıştır. Bu kriterlere ilişkin haritalar, yetişkin beyin şablonu temel alınarak YTUİ yöntemine girdi olarak verilmiştir. Ardından iki grup arasındaki farklılıklar, YTUİ iskelet haritaları yardımıyla ortaya çıkarılmıştır. FSL bünyesinde yer alan, eşik değeri bağımsız kümeleme iyileştirme (TFCE) kullanılarak uygulanan istatistiksel düzeltmenin sonucunda elit karate sporcularıyla sedanterler arasındaki beyaz madde beyin yolaklarındaki farklılıklar ortaya konmuştur.
Bulgular: Elit karate sporcularında 0,680 ve sedanter katılımcılarda 0,599 olan ortalama FA değerleri, eksternal kapsülde gruplar arasında fark olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Bağımsız örnekleklem t testi kullanılarak yapılan gruplar arası karşılaştırmada, elit karate sporcularının eksternal kapsül ortalama FA değerleri sedanterlerden anlamlı derecede yüksek bulunmuştur (p<0,001).
Sonuç: Yürütücü işlevlerdeki rolü ve kortikokortikal bağlantılar sağlamasıyla önem arz eden eksternal kapsülün farklılaşmasının karate sporcularında elit düzeyde sürekli ve yoğun antrenman süreciyle ortaya çıkan bir belirteç olabileceği düşünülmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Alesi, M., Bianco, A., Padulo, J., Vella, F. P., Petrucci, M., Paoli, A., Palma, A. & Pepi, A. (2014). Motor and cognitive development: The role of karate. Muscles Ligaments Tendons Journal, 4(2), 114–120. DOI:10.11138/mltj/2014.4.2.114
- Andrejević, M., Meshi, D. & van den Bos, W. (2017). Individual differences in social desirability are associated with white-matter microstructure of the external capsule. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci., 17,1255–1264. DOI:10.3758/s13415-017-0548-2
- Babaeeghazvini, P., Rueda-Delgado, L. M., Gooijers, J., Swinnen, S. P. & Daffertshofer, A. (2021). Brain Structural and Functional Connectivity: A review of combined works of diffusion magnetic resonance imaging and electro-encephalography. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 15. DOI:10.3389/fnhum.2021.721206
- Bompa, T. & Carrera, M. (2015). Conditioning young athletes. Human Kinetics, USA.
- Brewer, C. (2017). Athletic movement skills training for sports performance. Human Kinetics, USA
- Chaabène, H., Hachana, Y., Franchini, E., Mkaouer, B. & Chamari, K. (2012). Physical and physiological profile of elite karate athletes. Sports Medicine, 42, 829–843. DOI:10.1007/BF03262297
- Cotterill, S. & Discombe, R. (2016). Enhancing decision-making during sports performance: Current understanding and future directions. Sport & Exercise Psychology Review, 12(1) 54-68.
- Crick, F. C., & Koch, C. (2005). What is the function of the claustrum?. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 360(1458), 1271-1279.
- Winn, P. (2003). Dictionary of biological psychology. Routledge.
- Dougherty, C. C., Evans, D. W., Myers, S. M., Moore, G. J., & Michael, A. M. (2016). A comparison of structural brain imaging findings in autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychology Review, 26, 25-43. DOI:10.1007/s11065-015-9300-2
- Draganski, B., Gaser, C., Busch, V., Schuierer, G., Bogdahn, U. & May, A. (2004). Neuroplasticity: Changes in grey matter induced by training. Nature, 427(6972), 311-312. DOI:10.1038/427311a
- Duru, A. D., & Balcioglu, T. H. (2018). Functional and structural plasticity of brain in elite karate athletes. Journal of Healthcare Engineering. DOI:10.1155/2018/8310975
- Ericsson, K. A., Krampe, R. T. & Tesch-Romer, C. (1993). The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance. Psychological Review, 100(3), 363-406. DOI:10.1037/0033-295X.100.3.363
- Filley C. M. (2002). Neuroanatomy. Ramachandran V. S. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of the Human Brain (p. 415). USA: Elsevier Science.
- Friedrich, P., Fraenz, C., Schlüter, C., Ocklenburg, S., Mädler, B., Güntürkün, O., Genç, E. (2020). The relationship between axon density, myelination, and fractional anisotropy in the human corpus callosum. Cerebral Cortex, 30(4), 2042-2056. DOI:10.1093/cercor/bhz221
- Fukuo, M., Kamagata, K., Kuramochi, M., Andica, C., Tomita, H., Waki, H., Sugano, H., …Naito, H. (2020). Regional brain gray matter volume in world-class artistic gymnasts. The Journal of Physiological Sciences, 70, 43. DOI:10.1186/s12576-020-00767-w
- Ghandili, M., & Munakomi, S. (2022). Neuroanatomy, Putamen. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. Erişim Tarihi:15.06.2023. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542170/
- Giedd, J. N., Molloy, E. A. & Blumenthal, J. (2002). Adolescent brain maturation. Ramachandran V. S. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of the Human Brain (p. 13). USA: Elsevier Science.
- Hakulinen, U., Brander, A., Ryymin, P., Öhman, J., Soimakallio, S., Helminen, M., …Eskola, H. (2012). Repeatability and variation of region-of-interest methods using quantitative diffusion tensor MR imaging of the brain. BMC Med Imaging. DOI:10.1186/1471-2342-12-30
- Henschke, J. U. & Pakan, J. M. P. (2023). Engaging distributed cortical and cerebellar networks through motor execution, observation, and imagery. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience, 17. DOI:10.3389/fnsys.2023.1165307
- Hwang, K. J., Park, K. C., Yoon, S. S., & Ahn, T. B. (2014). Unusual lesion in the bilateral external capsule following status epilepticus: A case report. Journal of Epilepsy Research, 4(2), 88–90. DOI:10.14581/jer.14019
- Masciotra, D., Ackermann, E. & Roth, W. M. (2001) “Maai”: The art of distancing in karate-do mutual attunement in close encounters. Journal of Adult Development, 8, 119-132. DOI:10.1023/A:1026498019155
- Netter, F. H. (2014). Atlas of Human Anatomy (3rd ed.), (s. 114). USA: ICON Learning Systems.
- Nolze-Charron, G., Dufort-Rouleau, R., Houde, J. C., Dumont, M., Castellano C. A., Cunnane, S., …Bocti C. (2020). Tractography of the external capsule and cognition: A diffusion MRI study of cholinergic fibers. Experimental Gerontology. DOI:10.1016/j.exger.2019.110792
- Ramos-Llordén, G., Maffei, C., Tian, Q., Bilgic, B., Witzel, T., Keil, B., …Huang, S., (15-20 Mayıs 2021). Ex-vivo whole human brain high b-value diffusion MRI at 550 micron with a 3T Connectom scanner. In Annual Meeting of the International Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, Virtual Meeting (s. 300).
- Roberts, R. E., Bain, P. G., Day, B. L. & Husain M. (2013). Individual differences in expert motor coordination associated with white matter microstructure in the cerebellum. Cerebral Cortex, 23(10), 2282–2292. DOI:10.1093/cercor/bhs219
- Scholz, J., Klein, M. C., Behrens, T. E. J. & Johansen-Berg H. (2009). Training induces changes in white-matter architecture. Nature Neuroscience 12, 1370–1371. DOI:10.1038/nn.2412
- Taubert, M., Draganski, B., Anwander, A., Müller, K., Horstmann, A., Villringer A. & Ragert P. (2010). Dynamic properties of human brain structure: Learning-related changes in cortical areas and associated fiber connections. Journal of Neuroscience, 30 (35), 11670-11677. DOI:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2567-10.2010
- Wei, P. T., Leong, D., Calabrese E., White, L., Pierce, T., Platt, S. & Provenzale, J. (2013). Diffusion tensor imaging of neural tissue organization: Correlations between radiologic and histologic parameters. Neuroradiol Journal, 26(5), 501-510. DOI:10.1177/197140091302600502
- Wilmskoetter, J., Daniels, S. K. & Miller, A. J. (2020). Cortical and subcortical control of swallowing-Can we use information from lesion locations to improve diagnosis and treatment for patients with stroke?. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 29(2S), 1030–1043. DOI:10.1044/2019_AJSLP-19-00068
- World Karate Federation. (2023). Kumite Competition Rules. Erişim adresi: https://www.wkf.net/pdf/WKF_Kumite_Competition_Rules_2023.pdf
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Antrenman |
| Bölüm | HAREKET ve ANTRENMAN BİLİMİ |
| Yazarlar | |
| Erken Görünüm Tarihi | 14 Eylül 2023 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 20 Eylül 2023 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 11 Temmuz 2023 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2023 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 3 |