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TARİHİ DÖRT AYAKLİ MİNARE’DE ZEMİNE DAYALI STRÜKTÜREL SORUNLARIN YERALTI RADARI İLE BELİRLENMESİ

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2, 119 - 131, 22.06.2023

Süleyman İpek Nursen Işık Fatma Meral Halifeoğlu

https://doi.org/10.46810/tdfd.1224164
Bu makale için 28 Aralık 2023 tarihinde bir düzeltme yayımlandı. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tdfd/issue/81944/1411941

Öz

Hem inşa edildiği dönem hem de sahip olduğu eşsiz mimariyle önemli bir yere sahip olan Dört Ayaklı Minare, Diyarbakır’ın tarihi Suriçi Bölgesinin güneydoğu diliminde yer almaktadır. Şeyh Mutahhar Cami avlusu dışında ve Dört Ayaklı Minare Sokak içinde bulunan bu yapı, yekpare taş sütun üzerinde bazalt malzemeden dört köşeli olarak inşa edilmiş olup, dört adet silindirik formlu sütunla taşıtılmaktadır. 2015 yılından sonra minarede kısmi hasarlar meydana gelmiştir. 2016-2019 yılları arasında yapılan restorasyon çalışmalarında bu kısmi hasarlar giderilmeye çalışılmıştır. Ancak yapılan bu restorasyon çalışmalarında zemine yönelik herhangi bir aletsel tespit ve inceleme yapılmamıştır. Bu çalışmada, Dört Ayaklı Minare ve çevresinde gözlemsel olarak jeolojik ve aletsel olarak jeofizik etütler yapılmıştır. Dört Ayaklı Minare’nin zemin durumu ve yapı malzemelerinin durumu, zemin penetrasyon radarından yapılan taramalarla tespit edilmiş ve yapıda meydana gelen hasarların zemin durumu ile ilgili olup olmadığı analiz edilmiştir. Yapılan çalışma neticesinde, duvarda kırık ve çatlaklar, zeminde kırık, çatlak ve su sızıntılarına bağlı çökmeler olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Son olarak, bu hasarlara yönelik onarım önerileri de bu çalışmada sunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Tarihi yapı Yeraltı radarı Yığma yapı Minare ahribatsız deney yöntemi Strüktürel problemler

Kaynakça

  • Sullivan AM. Cultural Heritage & New Media: A Future for the Past. John Marshall Rev Intel Prop Law. 2016;15(3):604-46.
  • UNESCO [Internet]. Cultural Heritage; 2022 [cited 2022 November 19]. Available from: https://en.unesco.org/creativity/sites/creativity/files/cdis/heritage_dimension.pdf
  • Logan WS. Closing Pandora’s Box: Human rights conundrums in cultural heritage protection. In: Silverman H, Ruggless DF, editors. Cultural Heritage and Human Rights. Springer, New York-ABD, 2007; p. 33-52.
  • Ortega-Ramirez J, Bano M, Cordero-Arce MT, Villa-Alvarado LA, Frafa CC. Application of Non-invasive Geophysical Methods (GPR and ERT) to Locate the Ancient Foundations of the First Cathedral of Puebla, Mexico: A case study. J Appl Geophy. 2020;174:103958.
  • Işık N, Halifeoğlu FM, İpek S. Nondestructive testing techniques to evaluate the structural damage of historical city walls. Constr Build Mater. 2020;253:119228.
  • Bağbancı, MB, Bağbancı, ÖK. Structural health monitoring through vibration-based approaches. Shock Vibr. 2018;2018:9853896.
  • Usta, P. Assessment of seismic behavior of historic masonry minarets in Antalya, Turkey. Case Stud Constr Mater. 2021;15:e00665.
  • Günaydın, M, Tonyalı, Z. Dynamic response of a reinforced concrete minaret. J Struct Eng App Mech. 2018;1(2):62-72.
  • Ercan, E, Arısoy, B, Hökelekli, E, Nuhoğlu, A. Estimation of seismic damage propagation in a historical masonry minaret. Sigma J Eng Nat Sci. 2017;5(4):647-666.
  • Beysanoğlu Ş. Anıtları ve Kitabeleri ile Diyarbakır Tarihi 2, Irmak Matbaası, Ankara-Turkey; 1998.
  • Han Z. Diyarbakır kültür envanteri, Cilt 1, T.C. Diyarbakır Valiliği İl Kültür ve Turizm Müdürlüğü, Müze Müdürlüğü, Diyarbakır-Turkey; 2015.
  • Umar, MU, Hanafi, MH, Latip, NA. Analysis of non-destructive testing of historic building structures. Australian J Basic App Sci. 2015;9(7):326-330.
  • Moropoulou, A, Labropoulos KC, Delegou, ET, Karoglou, M, Bakolas, A. Non-destructive techniques as a tool for the protection of built cultural heritage. Constr Build Mater. 2013;48,1222-1239.
  • Işık N, Halifeoğlu FM, İpek S. Detecting the ground-dependent structural damages in a historic mosque by employing GPR. J App Geophy. 2022;199:104606.
  • Alani AM, Tosti F, Ciampoli LB, Gagliardi V, Benedetto A. An integrated investigative approach in health monitoring of masonry arch bridges using GPR and InSAR technologies. NDT&E Inter. 2020;115:102288.
  • Imposa S. Infrared Thermography and Georadar Techniques Applied to the “Sala delle Nicchie” (Niches Hall) of Palazzo Pitti, Florence (Italy). J Cult Herit. 2010;11:259-264.
  • Ranalli D, Scozzafava M, Tallini M. Ground penetrating radar investigations for the restoration of historic buildings: the case study of the Collemaggio Basilica (L’Aquila, Italy). J Cult Herit. 2004;5(1):91-99.
  • Lubowiecka I, Armesto J, Arias P, Lorenzo H. Historic bridge modelling using laser scanning, ground penetrating radar and finite element methods in the context of structural dynamics. Eng Struct. 2009;31(11):2667-2676.
  • Masini N, Persico R, Rizzo E. Some examples of GPR prospecting for monitoring of the monumental heritage. J Geophy Eng. 2010;7(2):190-199.
  • Pieraccini M, Noferini L, Mecatti D, Luzi G, Atzeni C, Persico R, Soldovieri R. Advanced processing techniques for step-frequency continuous-wave penetrating radar: The case study of “Palazzo Vecchio” Walls (Firenze, Italy). Res Nondestruct Eva. 2006;17(2):71-83.
  • Yalçiner CÇ, Bano M, Kadioglu M, Karabacak V, Meghraoui M, Altunel E. New temple discovery at the Archaeological Site of Nysa (Western Turkey) using GPR method. J Archaeol Sci. 2009;36:1680-1689.
  • UNESCO [Internet]. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization – World Heritage in Turkey; 2016 [cited 2022 November 19]. Available from: http://www.unesco.org.tr/Content_Files/Content/Yayinlar/wht_2016.pdf
  • Atılgan A [Internet]. Diyarbakır’da Dört Ayaklı Minare; 2015 [cited 2022 December 04]. Available from: http://mimdap.org/2015/12/diyarbakyrda-dort-ayakly-minare-arif-atylgan
  • Işık N, Halifeoğlu FM, İpek S. A Proposal for the Conservation and Integration of Historic Diyarbakır City Walls: the Urfa Gate. Towers and City Walls, Turkish J Nat Sci. 2020;9(2):146-156.
  • Wikipedia [Internet]. Turkey; 2022 [cited 2022 November 20]. Available from: https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7818230
  • Wikipedia [Internet]. Diyarbakır; 2022 [cited 2022 November 20]. Available from: https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7123114
  • Conyers LB. Ground-Penetrating Radar for Archaeology (Geophysical Methods for Archaeology), 3th Edition, Lanham, AltaMira Press, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers; 2013.
  • Kadıoğlu S, Ulugergerli EU. Determination of cavities using ground penetrating radar in Dalaman-Akköprü Dam construction area. The 16th International Geophysical Congress and Exhibition of Turkey, 7-10 December, Ankara; 2004.
  • Davis JL, Annan, AP. Ground-penetrating radar for high-resolution mapping of soil and rock stratigraphy. Geophysical Prospecting, 1989;37:531-551.
  • Reynolds JM. An Introduction to Applied and Environmental Geophysics, John Wiley & Sones, New York-USA; 1997.
  • Daniels DJ. Ground Penetrating Radar (Radar, Sonar and Navigation), 2nd Edition, The Institution of Electrical Engineers, London-England; 2004.
  • Phthon-3 GPR [Internet]. Radar Systems Inc. Products; 2022 [cited 2022 November 23]. Available from: http://www.radsys.lv/en/products-soft/products/prod/6
  • Leucci G, Negri S. Use of ground penetrating radar to map subsurface archaeological features in an urban area. J Archaeol Sci. 2006;33:502-512.
  • MTA [Internet]. Geoscience Mapviewer and Drawing Editor, General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration; 2022 [cited 2022 November 26]. Available from: http://yerbilimleri.mta.gov.tr/anasayfa.aspx

DETERMINATION OF GROUND-BASED STRUCTURAL PROBLEMS IN THE HISTORICAL FOUR-LEGGED MINARET WITH GROUND PENETRATION RADAR

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2, 119 - 131, 22.06.2023

Süleyman İpek Nursen Işık Fatma Meral Halifeoğlu

https://doi.org/10.46810/tdfd.1224164
Bu makale için 28 Aralık 2023 tarihinde bir düzeltme yayımlandı. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tdfd/issue/81944/1411941

Öz

The Four-Legged Minaret, which has an important place thanks to its building period and unique architecture, is located in the southeastern part of the historical Suriçi region of Diyarbakır. This structure located outside the courtyard of Sheikh Mutahhar Mosque and inside the Dört Ayaklı Minare Street was built on a monolithic stone column from basalt material in a tetragon plan and is carried by four columns that are in cylindrical form. After 2015, partial damages occurred to the minaret. During the restoration works carried out between 2016-2019, these partial damages were tried to be repaired. But the condition of the ground was not instrumentally detected and investigated in these restoration works. In the present study, observational geological and instrumental geophysical studies were carried out on the Four-Legged Minaret and its surrounding area. The ground condition of the Four-Legged Minaret and the situation of its construction materials were determined by scannings achieved from the ground penetration radar and whether the damages in the structure were related to the ground condition was analyzed. As a consequence of the study, fractures and cracks were detected in the wall, and fractures, cracks, and water leakage-dependent collapses were detected on the floor. Besides, finally, repair recommendations for these damages are also presented in this study.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Historical structure Ground-penetrating radar Masonry structure Minaret Nondestructive testing method Structural problems Tarihi yapı Yeraltı radarı Yığma yapı Minare ahribatsız deney yöntemi Strüktürel problemler

Kaynakça

  • Sullivan AM. Cultural Heritage & New Media: A Future for the Past. John Marshall Rev Intel Prop Law. 2016;15(3):604-46.
  • UNESCO [Internet]. Cultural Heritage; 2022 [cited 2022 November 19]. Available from: https://en.unesco.org/creativity/sites/creativity/files/cdis/heritage_dimension.pdf
  • Logan WS. Closing Pandora’s Box: Human rights conundrums in cultural heritage protection. In: Silverman H, Ruggless DF, editors. Cultural Heritage and Human Rights. Springer, New York-ABD, 2007; p. 33-52.
  • Ortega-Ramirez J, Bano M, Cordero-Arce MT, Villa-Alvarado LA, Frafa CC. Application of Non-invasive Geophysical Methods (GPR and ERT) to Locate the Ancient Foundations of the First Cathedral of Puebla, Mexico: A case study. J Appl Geophy. 2020;174:103958.
  • Işık N, Halifeoğlu FM, İpek S. Nondestructive testing techniques to evaluate the structural damage of historical city walls. Constr Build Mater. 2020;253:119228.
  • Bağbancı, MB, Bağbancı, ÖK. Structural health monitoring through vibration-based approaches. Shock Vibr. 2018;2018:9853896.
  • Usta, P. Assessment of seismic behavior of historic masonry minarets in Antalya, Turkey. Case Stud Constr Mater. 2021;15:e00665.
  • Günaydın, M, Tonyalı, Z. Dynamic response of a reinforced concrete minaret. J Struct Eng App Mech. 2018;1(2):62-72.
  • Ercan, E, Arısoy, B, Hökelekli, E, Nuhoğlu, A. Estimation of seismic damage propagation in a historical masonry minaret. Sigma J Eng Nat Sci. 2017;5(4):647-666.
  • Beysanoğlu Ş. Anıtları ve Kitabeleri ile Diyarbakır Tarihi 2, Irmak Matbaası, Ankara-Turkey; 1998.
  • Han Z. Diyarbakır kültür envanteri, Cilt 1, T.C. Diyarbakır Valiliği İl Kültür ve Turizm Müdürlüğü, Müze Müdürlüğü, Diyarbakır-Turkey; 2015.
  • Umar, MU, Hanafi, MH, Latip, NA. Analysis of non-destructive testing of historic building structures. Australian J Basic App Sci. 2015;9(7):326-330.
  • Moropoulou, A, Labropoulos KC, Delegou, ET, Karoglou, M, Bakolas, A. Non-destructive techniques as a tool for the protection of built cultural heritage. Constr Build Mater. 2013;48,1222-1239.
  • Işık N, Halifeoğlu FM, İpek S. Detecting the ground-dependent structural damages in a historic mosque by employing GPR. J App Geophy. 2022;199:104606.
  • Alani AM, Tosti F, Ciampoli LB, Gagliardi V, Benedetto A. An integrated investigative approach in health monitoring of masonry arch bridges using GPR and InSAR technologies. NDT&E Inter. 2020;115:102288.
  • Imposa S. Infrared Thermography and Georadar Techniques Applied to the “Sala delle Nicchie” (Niches Hall) of Palazzo Pitti, Florence (Italy). J Cult Herit. 2010;11:259-264.
  • Ranalli D, Scozzafava M, Tallini M. Ground penetrating radar investigations for the restoration of historic buildings: the case study of the Collemaggio Basilica (L’Aquila, Italy). J Cult Herit. 2004;5(1):91-99.
  • Lubowiecka I, Armesto J, Arias P, Lorenzo H. Historic bridge modelling using laser scanning, ground penetrating radar and finite element methods in the context of structural dynamics. Eng Struct. 2009;31(11):2667-2676.
  • Masini N, Persico R, Rizzo E. Some examples of GPR prospecting for monitoring of the monumental heritage. J Geophy Eng. 2010;7(2):190-199.
  • Pieraccini M, Noferini L, Mecatti D, Luzi G, Atzeni C, Persico R, Soldovieri R. Advanced processing techniques for step-frequency continuous-wave penetrating radar: The case study of “Palazzo Vecchio” Walls (Firenze, Italy). Res Nondestruct Eva. 2006;17(2):71-83.
  • Yalçiner CÇ, Bano M, Kadioglu M, Karabacak V, Meghraoui M, Altunel E. New temple discovery at the Archaeological Site of Nysa (Western Turkey) using GPR method. J Archaeol Sci. 2009;36:1680-1689.
  • UNESCO [Internet]. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization – World Heritage in Turkey; 2016 [cited 2022 November 19]. Available from: http://www.unesco.org.tr/Content_Files/Content/Yayinlar/wht_2016.pdf
  • Atılgan A [Internet]. Diyarbakır’da Dört Ayaklı Minare; 2015 [cited 2022 December 04]. Available from: http://mimdap.org/2015/12/diyarbakyrda-dort-ayakly-minare-arif-atylgan
  • Işık N, Halifeoğlu FM, İpek S. A Proposal for the Conservation and Integration of Historic Diyarbakır City Walls: the Urfa Gate. Towers and City Walls, Turkish J Nat Sci. 2020;9(2):146-156.
  • Wikipedia [Internet]. Turkey; 2022 [cited 2022 November 20]. Available from: https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7818230
  • Wikipedia [Internet]. Diyarbakır; 2022 [cited 2022 November 20]. Available from: https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7123114
  • Conyers LB. Ground-Penetrating Radar for Archaeology (Geophysical Methods for Archaeology), 3th Edition, Lanham, AltaMira Press, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers; 2013.
  • Kadıoğlu S, Ulugergerli EU. Determination of cavities using ground penetrating radar in Dalaman-Akköprü Dam construction area. The 16th International Geophysical Congress and Exhibition of Turkey, 7-10 December, Ankara; 2004.
  • Davis JL, Annan, AP. Ground-penetrating radar for high-resolution mapping of soil and rock stratigraphy. Geophysical Prospecting, 1989;37:531-551.
  • Reynolds JM. An Introduction to Applied and Environmental Geophysics, John Wiley & Sones, New York-USA; 1997.
  • Daniels DJ. Ground Penetrating Radar (Radar, Sonar and Navigation), 2nd Edition, The Institution of Electrical Engineers, London-England; 2004.
  • Phthon-3 GPR [Internet]. Radar Systems Inc. Products; 2022 [cited 2022 November 23]. Available from: http://www.radsys.lv/en/products-soft/products/prod/6
  • Leucci G, Negri S. Use of ground penetrating radar to map subsurface archaeological features in an urban area. J Archaeol Sci. 2006;33:502-512.
  • MTA [Internet]. Geoscience Mapviewer and Drawing Editor, General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration; 2022 [cited 2022 November 26]. Available from: http://yerbilimleri.mta.gov.tr/anasayfa.aspx
Toplam 34 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Mühendislik
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Süleyman İpek 0000-0001-8891-949X

Nursen Işık 0000-0002-6125-1896

Fatma Meral Halifeoğlu 0000-0003-2032-3774

Yayımlanma Tarihi 22 Haziran 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA İpek, S., Işık, N., & Halifeoğlu, F. M. (2023). DETERMINATION OF GROUND-BASED STRUCTURAL PROBLEMS IN THE HISTORICAL FOUR-LEGGED MINARET WITH GROUND PENETRATION RADAR. Türk Doğa Ve Fen Dergisi, 12(2), 119-131. https://doi.org/10.46810/tdfd.1224164
AMA İpek S, Işık N, Halifeoğlu FM. DETERMINATION OF GROUND-BASED STRUCTURAL PROBLEMS IN THE HISTORICAL FOUR-LEGGED MINARET WITH GROUND PENETRATION RADAR. TDFD. Haziran 2023;12(2):119-131. doi:10.46810/tdfd.1224164
Chicago İpek, Süleyman, Nursen Işık, ve Fatma Meral Halifeoğlu. “DETERMINATION OF GROUND-BASED STRUCTURAL PROBLEMS IN THE HISTORICAL FOUR-LEGGED MINARET WITH GROUND PENETRATION RADAR”. Türk Doğa Ve Fen Dergisi 12, sy. 2 (Haziran 2023): 119-31. https://doi.org/10.46810/tdfd.1224164.
EndNote İpek S, Işık N, Halifeoğlu FM (01 Haziran 2023) DETERMINATION OF GROUND-BASED STRUCTURAL PROBLEMS IN THE HISTORICAL FOUR-LEGGED MINARET WITH GROUND PENETRATION RADAR. Türk Doğa ve Fen Dergisi 12 2 119–131.
IEEE S. İpek, N. Işık, ve F. M. Halifeoğlu, “DETERMINATION OF GROUND-BASED STRUCTURAL PROBLEMS IN THE HISTORICAL FOUR-LEGGED MINARET WITH GROUND PENETRATION RADAR”, TDFD, c. 12, sy. 2, ss. 119–131, 2023, doi: 10.46810/tdfd.1224164.
ISNAD İpek, Süleyman vd. “DETERMINATION OF GROUND-BASED STRUCTURAL PROBLEMS IN THE HISTORICAL FOUR-LEGGED MINARET WITH GROUND PENETRATION RADAR”. Türk Doğa ve Fen Dergisi 12/2 (Haziran 2023), 119-131. https://doi.org/10.46810/tdfd.1224164.
JAMA İpek S, Işık N, Halifeoğlu FM. DETERMINATION OF GROUND-BASED STRUCTURAL PROBLEMS IN THE HISTORICAL FOUR-LEGGED MINARET WITH GROUND PENETRATION RADAR. TDFD. 2023;12:119–131.
MLA İpek, Süleyman vd. “DETERMINATION OF GROUND-BASED STRUCTURAL PROBLEMS IN THE HISTORICAL FOUR-LEGGED MINARET WITH GROUND PENETRATION RADAR”. Türk Doğa Ve Fen Dergisi, c. 12, sy. 2, 2023, ss. 119-31, doi:10.46810/tdfd.1224164.
Vancouver İpek S, Işık N, Halifeoğlu FM. DETERMINATION OF GROUND-BASED STRUCTURAL PROBLEMS IN THE HISTORICAL FOUR-LEGGED MINARET WITH GROUND PENETRATION RADAR. TDFD. 2023;12(2):119-31.
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