The Impact of Artificial Lightweight Aggregate on the Engineering Features of Geopolymer Mortar

Kasım Mermerdaş; Süleyman İpek; Nadhim Hamah Sor; Esameddin Saed Mulapeer; Şevin Ekmen

doi:10.46810/tdfd.718895

Araştırma Makalesi

The Impact of Artificial Lightweight Aggregate on the Engineering Features of Geopolymer Mortar

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 79 - 90, 18.06.2020

Kasım Mermerdaş Süleyman İpek Nadhim Hamah Sor Esameddin Saed Mulapeer Şevin Ekmen

https://doi.org/10.46810/tdfd.718895

Cited By: 22

Öz

In this study, a research on the effectiveness of artificial lightweight aggregate (A-LWA) on the fresh and hardened properties of geopolymer mortars is presented. The main aim of this study is to propose a relatively newer means of recycling of FA through geopolymer mortar production. Therefore, firstly, artificial lightweight aggregate (A-LWA) was produced through the cold-bonding pelletization process of FA. Then, FA based geopolymer mortars were produced with this aggregate. The geopolymer mortars manufactured in this study had constant source material and alkaline activator quantities of 600 and 300 kg m-3, respectively. The proportion of Na2SiO3-to-NaOH was 2.5 and the molarity of NaOH was 12 M. The A-LWA sand was replaced partially with river sand up to 100%. The compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, fresh and dry densities of the geopolymer composites were measured at the age of 7 days and the flow table test was conducted to indicate the consistency of the geopolymer mixtures. The results indicated the A-LWA utilization enhanced the workability of the geopolymer mixtures and the highest increase of flow diameter of %20 was obtained using 100% A-LWA. Compressive strength values of geopolymer mortars varied between 4.28 and 32.3 MPa. A systematical decrease in the compressive strength and revealed with respect to the increasing level of A-LWA due to the softness and weakness of the A-LWA particles. Ultrasonic pulse velocity results of geopolymer mortars ranged from 1479 to 2596 m s-1 with related the replacement level of A-LWA.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Cold bonding pelletization, Compressive strength, Geopolymer mortar, Artificial Lightweight aggregate, Workability

Kaynakça

[1] Malhotra VM. Introduction: sustainable development and concrete technology. Concr Int. 2001; 24(7):22.
[2] Olivier JG, Peters J, Janssens-Maenhout G. Trends in global CO2 emissions 2012 report. 2012.
[3] Provis JL, Van Deventer JSJ. Geopolymers: structures, processing, properties and industrial applications. Elsevier; 2009.
[4] Ranjbar N, Mehrali M, Behnia A, Alengaram UJ, Jumaat MZ. Compressive strength and microstructural analysis of fly ash/palm oil fuel ash based geopolymer mortar. Materials & Design. 2014;59(0):532-9.
[5] Alomayri T, Shaikh FUA, Low IM. Synthesis and mechanical properties of cotton fabric reinforced geopolymer composites. Composites Part B: Engineering. 2014;60(0):36-42.
[6] Dias DP, Thaumaturgo C. Fracture toughness of geopolymeric concretes reinforced with basalt fibers. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2005;27(1):49-54.
[7] Aleem MA, Arumairaj P. Geopolymer concrete–a review. International Journal of Engineering Sciences and Emerging Technologies. 2012;1(2):118-22.
[8] He P, Jia D, Lin T, Wang M, Zhou Y. Effects of high-temperature heat treatment on the mechanical properties of unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced geopolymer composites. Ceramics International. 2010;36:1447-53.
[9] Ortega EA, Cheeseman C, Knight J, Loizidou M. Properties of alkali-activated clinoptilolite. Cement and Concrete Research. 2000;30:1641-6.
[10] Villa C, Pecina ET, Torres R, Gómez L. Geopolymer synthesis using alkaline activation of natural zeolite. Construction and Building Materials. 2010;24:2084-90.
[11] Fernández-Jiménez A, Palomo A. Composition and microstructure of alkali activated fly ash binder: effect of the activator. Cement and Concrete Research. 2005;35(10):1984-92.
[12] Albitar M, Visintin P, Mohamed AMS, Drechsler M. Assessing behaviour of fresh and hardened geopolymer concrete mixed with class-F fly ash. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering. 2015;19(5):1445-55.
[13] De Vargas, Alexandre Silva, et al. The effects of Na2O/SiO2 molar ratio, curing temperature and age on compressive strength, morphology and microstructure of alkali-activated fly ash-based geopolymers. Cement and concrete composites. 2011;33(6):653-660.
[14] Rao, G. Mallikarjuna, and TD Gunneswara Rao. "Final setting time and compressive strength of fly ash and GGBS-based geopolymer paste and mortar." Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering. 2015;40(11):3067-3074.
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[16] Hardjito D, Wallah SE, Sumajouw D, Rangan BV. On the development of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete. ACI Materials Journal. 2004;101(6):467-72.
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[18] Sathonsaowaphak A, Chindaprasirt P, Pimraksa K. Workability and strength of lignite bottom ash geopolymer mortar. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2009;168(1):44-50.
[19] Adak D, Sarkar M, Mandal S. Effect of nano-silica on strength and durability of fly ash based geopolymer mortar. Construction and Building Materials. 2014;70:453-459.
[20] Colangelo F, Cioffi R, Roviello G, Capasso I, Caputo D, Aprea P, Ferone C. Thermal cycling stability of fly ash based geopolymer mortars. Composites Part B: Engineering. 2017;129:11-17.
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[23] Wongsa A, Sata V, Nematollahi B, Sanjayan, J, Chindaprasirt P. Mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight geopolymer mortar incorporating crumb rubber. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2018;195:1069-1080.
[24] Kaur M, Singh J, Kaur M. Synthesis of fly ash based geopolymer mortar considering different concentrations and combinations of alkaline activator solution. Ceramics International. 2018; 44(2):1534-1537.
[25] Vaibhav KS, Nagaladinni M, Madhushree M. Priya BP. Effect of Silica Fume on Fly Ash Based Geopolymer Mortar with Recycled Aggregates. In Sustainable Construction and Building Materials. Springer, Singapore. 2019;595-602.
[26] Topcu IB. Semi-lightweight concretes produced by volcanic ash. Cement and Concrete Research. 1997;27(1):15-21.
[27] Abdulkareem OA, Mustafa AM, Bakri AI, Kamarudin H, Khairul Nizar I, Saif AEA. Effects of elevated temperatures on the thermal behavior and mechanical performance of fly ash geopolymer paste, mortar and lightweight concrete. Constructiona and Building Materials. 2014;50:377-87.
[28] Turkish Statistical Institute [Internet]. Thermal Power Plants Water, Wastewater and Waste Statistics; 2013 [cited 2020 March 29]. Available from http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/HbPrint.do?id=16164
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[32] Gesoğlu M. Effects of lightweight aggregate properties on mechanical, fracture, and physical behavior of lightweight concretes [dissertation]. İstanbul: Boğaziçi University; 2004.
[33] Gesoğlu M, Güneyisi E, Öz HÖ. Properties of lightweight aggregates produced with cold-bonding pelletization of fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag. Materials and structures. 2012;45(10):1535-46.
[34] Raj DM, Raju JVN, Suneel M. An experimental study on effect of partial replacement of normal weight aggregates with lightweight aggregates in fly ash based geopolymer concrete. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology. 2018;5(6):1090-6.
[35] Öz HÖ, Gesoğlu M, Güneyisi E, Sor NH. Self-consolidating concretes made with cold-bonded fly ash lightweight aggregates. ACI Materials Journal. 2017;114(3):385-95.
[36] Top S, Vapur H, Altiner M, Kaya D, Ekicibil A. Properties of fly ash-based lightweight geopolymer concrete prepared using pumice and expanded perlite as aggregates. Journal of Molecular Structure. 2019;127236.
[37] Mousa A, Mahgoub M, Hussein M. Lightweight concrete in America: presence and challenges. Sustainable Production and Consumption. 2018;15:131-44.
[38] Zhang H, Hou S, Ou J. Smart aggregates for monitoring stress in structural lightweight concrete. Measurement. 2018;122:257-63.
[39] Dhir K, Mays RGC, Chua HC. Lightweight structural concrete with aglite aggregate: mix design and properties. International Journal of Cement Composites and Lightweight Concrete. 1984;6(4):249-61. [40] Jafari S, Mahini SS. Lightweight concrete design using gene expression programing. Construction and Building Materials. 2017;1390:93-100.
[41] Kabay N, Aköz F. Effect of prewetting methods on some fresh and hardened properties of concrete with pumice aggregate. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2012;34(4):503-7.
[42] Shen D, Jiang J, Shen J, Yao P, Jiang G. Influence of prewetted lightweight aggregates on the behavior and cracking potential of internally cured concrete at an early age. Construction and Building Materials 2015;99:260-71.
[43] Görhan G, Kürklü G. The influence of the NaOH solution on the properties of the fly ash-based geopolymer mortar cured at different temperatures. Composites Part B: Engineering. 2014;58:371-7.
[44] ASTM C311. Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolans for Use as a Mineral Admixture in Portland-Cement Concrete. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA; 2000.
[45] Hardjito D, Wallah SE, Rangan BV. Research into engineering properties of geopolymer concrete. International Conference on Geopolymer, 2002. Melbourne, Australia; 2002.
[46] Hou Y, Wang D, Zhou W, Lu Ho, Wang L. Effect of activator and curing mode on fly ash-based geopolymers. Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences Ed. 2009;24(5):711-5.
[47] Arslan H, Baykal G. Utilization of fly ash as engineering pellet aggregates. Environmental Geology. 2006;50(5):761-70. [48] Güneyisi E, Gesoğlu G, İpek S. Effect of steel fiber addition and aspect ratio on bond strength of cold-bonded fly ash lightweight aggregate concretes. Construction and Building Materials. 2013;47:358-65.
[49] İpek S, Ayodele OA, Mermerdaş K. Influence of artificial aggregate on mechanical properties, fracture parameters and bond strength of concretes. Construction and Building Materials. 2020;238:117756. [50] Döven AG. Lightweight fly ash aggregate production using cold bonding agglomeration process [dissertation]. İstanbul: Boğaziçi University; 1998.
[51] ASTM C 127. Standard test method for specific gravity and absorption of coarse aggregate. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA; 2007.
[52] ASTM C1437-07. Standard Test Method for Flow of Hydraulic Cement Mortar. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA; 2007.
[53] ASTM C109. Standard test method for compressive strength of hydraulic cement mortars. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA; 2008.
[54] ASTM C597. Standard test method for compressive strength of hydraulic cement mortars. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA; 2002.
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[58] Novais RM, Luciano S, João C, Maria PS, Robert CP, João AL. Sustainable and efficient cork-inorganic polymer composites: An innovative and eco-friendly approach to produce ultra-lightweight and low thermal conductivity materials. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2019;97:107-17.
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Yapay Hafif Agreganın Geopolimer Harcın Mühendislik Özellikleri Üzerindeki Etkisi

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 79 - 90, 18.06.2020

Kasım Mermerdaş Süleyman İpek Nadhim Hamah Sor Esameddin Saed Mulapeer Şevin Ekmen

https://doi.org/10.46810/tdfd.718895

Cited By: 22

Öz

Bu çalışmada, yapay hafif agreganın (YHA) geopolimer harçların taze ve sertleşmiş özellikleri üzerindeki etkisi üzerine bir araştırma sunulmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın ana amacı, geopolimer harç üretimi yoluyla UK'nin geri dönüşümü için nispeten daha yeni bir alternatif önermektir. Bundan dolayı, UK kullanılarak soğuk bağlama yöntemiyle YHA üretilmiştir. Sonra bu agregalar ile UK esaslı geopolimer harçlar üretilmiştir. Bu çalışmada üretilen geopolimer harçlar, sabit miktarda 600 kg m-3 UK ve 300 kg m-3 alkali aktivatör miktarları kullanılarak üretilmiştir. Na2SiO3/NaOH oranı 2.5 ve NaOH molaritesi 12 M olarak alınmıştır. YHA, dere kumuyla hacimce %100’e kadar kısmi olarak yer değiştirilerek kullanılmıştır. Geopolimer harçların basınç dayanımı, ultrasonik dalga hızı, taze ve kuru birim ağırlıkları 7 günlük süre sonunda ölçülmüştür. Taze karışımların kıvamını belirlemek için geopolimer harçlarda akış tablası deneyi yapılmıştır. Sonuçlar YHA kullanımının geopolimer karışımlarının işlenebilirliğini arttırdığını ve % 20'lik en yüksek akış çapı değerinin % 100 YHA kullanılarak elde edildiğini göstermiştir. Geopolimer harçların basınç dayanımı değerleri 4.28 -32.3 MPa arasında değişen değerler elde edilmiştir.. YHA parçacıklarının boşluklu ve zayıf yapısı nedeniyle YHA artış miktarına bağlı olarak basınç dayanımında sistematik bir azalma görülmüştür. Geopolimer harçların ultrasonik ses geçiş hızı sonuçları, YHA’nın ikame seviyesi ile ilişkili olarak 1479 ile 2596 m s-1 arasında değişen değerler elde edilmiştir

Anahtar Kelimeler

Soğuk bağlamayla peletleme, Basınç dayanımı, Geopolimer harç, Yapay hafif agrega, İşlenebilirlik

Kaynakça

[1] Malhotra VM. Introduction: sustainable development and concrete technology. Concr Int. 2001; 24(7):22.
[2] Olivier JG, Peters J, Janssens-Maenhout G. Trends in global CO2 emissions 2012 report. 2012.
[3] Provis JL, Van Deventer JSJ. Geopolymers: structures, processing, properties and industrial applications. Elsevier; 2009.
[4] Ranjbar N, Mehrali M, Behnia A, Alengaram UJ, Jumaat MZ. Compressive strength and microstructural analysis of fly ash/palm oil fuel ash based geopolymer mortar. Materials & Design. 2014;59(0):532-9.
[5] Alomayri T, Shaikh FUA, Low IM. Synthesis and mechanical properties of cotton fabric reinforced geopolymer composites. Composites Part B: Engineering. 2014;60(0):36-42.
[6] Dias DP, Thaumaturgo C. Fracture toughness of geopolymeric concretes reinforced with basalt fibers. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2005;27(1):49-54.
[7] Aleem MA, Arumairaj P. Geopolymer concrete–a review. International Journal of Engineering Sciences and Emerging Technologies. 2012;1(2):118-22.
[8] He P, Jia D, Lin T, Wang M, Zhou Y. Effects of high-temperature heat treatment on the mechanical properties of unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced geopolymer composites. Ceramics International. 2010;36:1447-53.
[9] Ortega EA, Cheeseman C, Knight J, Loizidou M. Properties of alkali-activated clinoptilolite. Cement and Concrete Research. 2000;30:1641-6.
[10] Villa C, Pecina ET, Torres R, Gómez L. Geopolymer synthesis using alkaline activation of natural zeolite. Construction and Building Materials. 2010;24:2084-90.
[11] Fernández-Jiménez A, Palomo A. Composition and microstructure of alkali activated fly ash binder: effect of the activator. Cement and Concrete Research. 2005;35(10):1984-92.
[12] Albitar M, Visintin P, Mohamed AMS, Drechsler M. Assessing behaviour of fresh and hardened geopolymer concrete mixed with class-F fly ash. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering. 2015;19(5):1445-55.
[13] De Vargas, Alexandre Silva, et al. The effects of Na2O/SiO2 molar ratio, curing temperature and age on compressive strength, morphology and microstructure of alkali-activated fly ash-based geopolymers. Cement and concrete composites. 2011;33(6):653-660.
[14] Rao, G. Mallikarjuna, and TD Gunneswara Rao. "Final setting time and compressive strength of fly ash and GGBS-based geopolymer paste and mortar." Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering. 2015;40(11):3067-3074.
[15] Duxson P, Fernández-Jiménez A, Provis JL, Lukey GC, Palomo A, van Deventer JSJ. Geopolymer technology: the current state of the art. Journal of Materials Science. 2007;42(9):2917-33.
[16] Hardjito D, Wallah SE, Sumajouw D, Rangan BV. On the development of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete. ACI Materials Journal. 2004;101(6):467-72.
[17] Hardjito D, Cheak CC, Ing CHL. Strength and setting times of low calcium fly ash-based geopolymer mortar. Modern applied science. 2008;2(4):3-11.
[18] Sathonsaowaphak A, Chindaprasirt P, Pimraksa K. Workability and strength of lignite bottom ash geopolymer mortar. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2009;168(1):44-50.
[19] Adak D, Sarkar M, Mandal S. Effect of nano-silica on strength and durability of fly ash based geopolymer mortar. Construction and Building Materials. 2014;70:453-459.
[20] Colangelo F, Cioffi R, Roviello G, Capasso I, Caputo D, Aprea P, Ferone C. Thermal cycling stability of fly ash based geopolymer mortars. Composites Part B: Engineering. 2017;129:11-17.
[21] Mermerdaş K, Algin Z, Ekmen Ş. Experimental assessment and optimization of mix parameters of fly ash-based lightweight geopolymer mortar with respect to shrinkage and strength. Journal of Building Engineering. 2020;101351.
[22] De Rossi A, Ribeiro MJ, Labrincha JA, Novais RM, Hotza D, Moreira RFPM. Effect of the particle size range of construction and demolition waste on the fresh and hardened-state properties of fly ash-based geopolymer mortars with total replacement of sand. Process Safety and Environmental Protection. 2019;129:130-137.
[23] Wongsa A, Sata V, Nematollahi B, Sanjayan, J, Chindaprasirt P. Mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight geopolymer mortar incorporating crumb rubber. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2018;195:1069-1080.
[24] Kaur M, Singh J, Kaur M. Synthesis of fly ash based geopolymer mortar considering different concentrations and combinations of alkaline activator solution. Ceramics International. 2018; 44(2):1534-1537.
[25] Vaibhav KS, Nagaladinni M, Madhushree M. Priya BP. Effect of Silica Fume on Fly Ash Based Geopolymer Mortar with Recycled Aggregates. In Sustainable Construction and Building Materials. Springer, Singapore. 2019;595-602.
[26] Topcu IB. Semi-lightweight concretes produced by volcanic ash. Cement and Concrete Research. 1997;27(1):15-21.
[27] Abdulkareem OA, Mustafa AM, Bakri AI, Kamarudin H, Khairul Nizar I, Saif AEA. Effects of elevated temperatures on the thermal behavior and mechanical performance of fly ash geopolymer paste, mortar and lightweight concrete. Constructiona and Building Materials. 2014;50:377-87.
[28] Turkish Statistical Institute [Internet]. Thermal Power Plants Water, Wastewater and Waste Statistics; 2013 [cited 2020 March 29]. Available from http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/HbPrint.do?id=16164
[29] Tokyay M. Betonda Uçucu Kül Kullanımı (Türkiye Deneyimi). End. Atıkların İnşaat Sektöründe Kul. Semp. Ankara. 18-19 Kasım 1993;29-36.
[30] Arslan H, Baykal G. Utilization of fly ash as engineering pellet aggregates. Environmental Geology. 2006;50(5):761-70. [31] Baykal G, Döven, AG. Utilization of fly ash by pelletization process; theory, application areas and research results. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2000;30(1):59-77.
[32] Gesoğlu M. Effects of lightweight aggregate properties on mechanical, fracture, and physical behavior of lightweight concretes [dissertation]. İstanbul: Boğaziçi University; 2004.
[33] Gesoğlu M, Güneyisi E, Öz HÖ. Properties of lightweight aggregates produced with cold-bonding pelletization of fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag. Materials and structures. 2012;45(10):1535-46.
[34] Raj DM, Raju JVN, Suneel M. An experimental study on effect of partial replacement of normal weight aggregates with lightweight aggregates in fly ash based geopolymer concrete. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology. 2018;5(6):1090-6.
[35] Öz HÖ, Gesoğlu M, Güneyisi E, Sor NH. Self-consolidating concretes made with cold-bonded fly ash lightweight aggregates. ACI Materials Journal. 2017;114(3):385-95.
[36] Top S, Vapur H, Altiner M, Kaya D, Ekicibil A. Properties of fly ash-based lightweight geopolymer concrete prepared using pumice and expanded perlite as aggregates. Journal of Molecular Structure. 2019;127236.
[37] Mousa A, Mahgoub M, Hussein M. Lightweight concrete in America: presence and challenges. Sustainable Production and Consumption. 2018;15:131-44.
[38] Zhang H, Hou S, Ou J. Smart aggregates for monitoring stress in structural lightweight concrete. Measurement. 2018;122:257-63.
[39] Dhir K, Mays RGC, Chua HC. Lightweight structural concrete with aglite aggregate: mix design and properties. International Journal of Cement Composites and Lightweight Concrete. 1984;6(4):249-61. [40] Jafari S, Mahini SS. Lightweight concrete design using gene expression programing. Construction and Building Materials. 2017;1390:93-100.
[41] Kabay N, Aköz F. Effect of prewetting methods on some fresh and hardened properties of concrete with pumice aggregate. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2012;34(4):503-7.
[42] Shen D, Jiang J, Shen J, Yao P, Jiang G. Influence of prewetted lightweight aggregates on the behavior and cracking potential of internally cured concrete at an early age. Construction and Building Materials 2015;99:260-71.
[43] Görhan G, Kürklü G. The influence of the NaOH solution on the properties of the fly ash-based geopolymer mortar cured at different temperatures. Composites Part B: Engineering. 2014;58:371-7.
[44] ASTM C311. Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolans for Use as a Mineral Admixture in Portland-Cement Concrete. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA; 2000.
[45] Hardjito D, Wallah SE, Rangan BV. Research into engineering properties of geopolymer concrete. International Conference on Geopolymer, 2002. Melbourne, Australia; 2002.
[46] Hou Y, Wang D, Zhou W, Lu Ho, Wang L. Effect of activator and curing mode on fly ash-based geopolymers. Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences Ed. 2009;24(5):711-5.
[47] Arslan H, Baykal G. Utilization of fly ash as engineering pellet aggregates. Environmental Geology. 2006;50(5):761-70. [48] Güneyisi E, Gesoğlu G, İpek S. Effect of steel fiber addition and aspect ratio on bond strength of cold-bonded fly ash lightweight aggregate concretes. Construction and Building Materials. 2013;47:358-65.
[49] İpek S, Ayodele OA, Mermerdaş K. Influence of artificial aggregate on mechanical properties, fracture parameters and bond strength of concretes. Construction and Building Materials. 2020;238:117756. [50] Döven AG. Lightweight fly ash aggregate production using cold bonding agglomeration process [dissertation]. İstanbul: Boğaziçi University; 1998.
[51] ASTM C 127. Standard test method for specific gravity and absorption of coarse aggregate. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA; 2007.
[52] ASTM C1437-07. Standard Test Method for Flow of Hydraulic Cement Mortar. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA; 2007.
[53] ASTM C109. Standard test method for compressive strength of hydraulic cement mortars. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA; 2008.
[54] ASTM C597. Standard test method for compressive strength of hydraulic cement mortars. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA; 2002.
[55] TS-EN 206-1. Concrete Part 1. Turkish Standard Institute, Turkey; 2000.
[56] ACI Committee 213R. American Concrete Institute. Guide for structural lightweight aggregate concrete. Manual of Concrete Practice. Farmington Hills, Michigan, USA; 2003.
[57] Mohseni E, Mahyar JK, Mahdi K, Behnam Z, Babak B. Evaluation of mechanical and durability properties of fiber-reinforced lightweight geopolymer composites based on rice husk ash and nano-alumina. Construction and Building Materials. 2019;209:532-40.
[58] Novais RM, Luciano S, João C, Maria PS, Robert CP, João AL. Sustainable and efficient cork-inorganic polymer composites: An innovative and eco-friendly approach to produce ultra-lightweight and low thermal conductivity materials. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2019;97:107-17.
[59] Güneyisi E, Gesoğlu M, Özturan T, İpek S. Fracture behavior and mechanical properties of concrete with artificial lightweight aggregate and steel fiber. Construction and Building Materials. 2015;84:156-68.
[60] Top S, Vapur H. Effect of basaltic pumice aggregate addition on the material properties of fly ash based lightweight geopolymer concrete. Journal of Molecular Structure. 2018;1163:10-7.
[61] Kastiukas G, Zhou X, Castro-Gomes J. Development and optimisation of phase change material-impregnated lightweight aggregates for geopolymer composites made from aluminosilicate rich mud and milled glass powder. Construction and Building Materials. 2016;110:201-10.
[62] Posi P, Chaiyapong T, Chatchai T, Suttikait L, Surasit L, Vanchai S, et al. Lightweight geopolymer concrete containing aggregate from recycle lightweight block. Materials & Design. 2013;52:580-6.
[63] Choi YW, Kim YJ, Shin HC, Moon HY. An experimental research on the fluidity and mechanical properties of high-strength lightweight self-compacting concrete. Cement and Concrete Research. 2006;36(9):1595-1602.
[64] Leslie JR, Cheeseman WJ. An ultrasonic method for studying deterioration and cracking in concretestructures. ACI Materials Journal.1949;46:17-36.
[65] Feldman RF. Non-destructive testing of concrete [Internet]. CBD-187; 1977 [cited 2020 March 29]. Available from: http://web.mit.edu/parmstr/Public/NRCan/CanBldgDigests/cbd187_e.html
[66] Saint-Pierre F, Philibert A, Giroux B, Rivard P. Concrete quality designation based on ultrasonic pulse velocity. Construction and Building Materials. 2016;125:1022-7.
[67] Bogas J, Alexandre M, Glória G, Augusto G. Compressive strength evaluation of structural lightweight concrete by non-destructive ultrasonic pulse velocity method. Ultrasonics. 2013;53(5):962-72.
[68] Bogas JA. Characterization of structural lightweight expanded clay aggregate concrete [dissertation]. Lisbon:Technical University of Lisbon, Instituto Superior Técnico; 2011. (in Portuguese)
[69] Demirboğa R, Turkmen I, Karakoç MB. Relationship between ultrasonic velocity and compressive strength for high-volume mineral-admixtured concrete. Cement and Concrete Research. 2004;34:2329–36.

Toplam 65 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	İngilizce
Konular	Mühendislik
Bölüm	Makaleler
Yazarlar	Kasım Mermerdaş 0000-0002-1274-6016 Süleyman İpek 0000-0002-1274-6016 Nadhim Hamah Sor 0000-0001-7349-5540 Esameddin Saed Mulapeer Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-8396-3440 Şevin Ekmen 0000-0002-2577-696X
Yayımlanma Tarihi	18 Haziran 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2020 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA	Mermerdaş, K., İpek, S., Sor, N. H., Mulapeer, E. S., vd. (2020). The Impact of Artificial Lightweight Aggregate on the Engineering Features of Geopolymer Mortar. Türk Doğa Ve Fen Dergisi, 9(1), 79-90. https://doi.org/10.46810/tdfd.718895
AMA	Mermerdaş K, İpek S, Sor NH, Mulapeer ES, Ekmen Ş. The Impact of Artificial Lightweight Aggregate on the Engineering Features of Geopolymer Mortar. TDFD. Haziran 2020;9(1):79-90. doi:10.46810/tdfd.718895
Chicago	Mermerdaş, Kasım, Süleyman İpek, Nadhim Hamah Sor, Esameddin Saed Mulapeer, ve Şevin Ekmen. “The Impact of Artificial Lightweight Aggregate on the Engineering Features of Geopolymer Mortar”. Türk Doğa Ve Fen Dergisi 9, sy. 1 (Haziran 2020): 79-90. https://doi.org/10.46810/tdfd.718895.
EndNote	Mermerdaş K, İpek S, Sor NH, Mulapeer ES, Ekmen Ş (01 Haziran 2020) The Impact of Artificial Lightweight Aggregate on the Engineering Features of Geopolymer Mortar. Türk Doğa ve Fen Dergisi 9 1 79–90.
IEEE	K. Mermerdaş, S. İpek, N. H. Sor, E. S. Mulapeer, ve Ş. Ekmen, “The Impact of Artificial Lightweight Aggregate on the Engineering Features of Geopolymer Mortar”, TDFD, c. 9, sy. 1, ss. 79–90, 2020, doi: 10.46810/tdfd.718895.
ISNAD	Mermerdaş, Kasım vd. “The Impact of Artificial Lightweight Aggregate on the Engineering Features of Geopolymer Mortar”. Türk Doğa ve Fen Dergisi 9/1 (Haziran 2020), 79-90. https://doi.org/10.46810/tdfd.718895.
JAMA	Mermerdaş K, İpek S, Sor NH, Mulapeer ES, Ekmen Ş. The Impact of Artificial Lightweight Aggregate on the Engineering Features of Geopolymer Mortar. TDFD. 2020;9:79–90.
MLA	Mermerdaş, Kasım vd. “The Impact of Artificial Lightweight Aggregate on the Engineering Features of Geopolymer Mortar”. Türk Doğa Ve Fen Dergisi, c. 9, sy. 1, 2020, ss. 79-90, doi:10.46810/tdfd.718895.
Vancouver	Mermerdaş K, İpek S, Sor NH, Mulapeer ES, Ekmen Ş. The Impact of Artificial Lightweight Aggregate on the Engineering Features of Geopolymer Mortar. TDFD. 2020;9(1):79-90.