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A Review on the Effects of Using Dimethyl Ether on Particulate Matter Emissions in Diesel Engines

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 2, 1212 - 1229, 01.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.1117505

Öz

This review study was created from the various studies which were completed on the use of dimethyl ether (DME) in diesel engines as a fuel or fuel additive. The several methods are available for the decreasing of the harmful emissions in diesel engines. The first method for the reduction of harmful emissions is improved the combustion by modification of engine design and fuel injection system, but this process is expensive and time consuming. The second method is the using various exhaust gas devices like catalytic converter and diesel particulate filter. However, the use of such devices affects negatively diesel engine performance. The last method to reduce emissions and also improve diesel engine performance is the use of various alternative fuels or fuel additives. The major pollutants of diesel engines are oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and particulate matter (PM). It is very difficult to reduce NOx and PM simultaneously in practice. The most researches declare that the best way to reduce these emissions is the use of various alternative fuels i.e. natural gas, biogas, biodiesel or using some additives with the alternative fuels or conventional diesel fuel. Therefore, it is very important that the results of various studies on alternative fuels or fuel additives are evaluated together to practice applications. Especially, this study focuses on the usage of dimethyl ether in diesel engines as fuel or fuel additive. This review study investigates the effects of using dimethyl ether on particulate matter (PM) emissions. As a result of this review study; it was determined that when DME is used in pure form, it provides nearly zero PM emission due to its features such as high oxygen content, the absence of directly bonded carbon in its chemical structure, rapid evaporation, high cetane number and low ignition temperature. It was determined that pure DME was found to reduce the PM emissions by 13–228% compared to diesel fuel and 88.6–227.6% compared to biodiesel fuel. It was also determined that diesel–DME blends containing different ratios of DME reduced the PM emissions by 4.7–509% compared to diesel fuel, and biodiesel–DME blends containing different ratios of DME reduced the PM emissions by 38.2% compared to biodiesel fuel. On the other hand, it was determined that the LPG–DME blend decreased the PM emissions by 269–493% compared to diesel fuel, and the DME–NH3 blends containing different amounts of DME increased the PM emissions by 40.7–96.7% compared to pure DME. Moreover, it was determined that changing the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ratio between 10–50% increased PM emissions by 13.1–48.4%.

Kaynakça

  • Abhishek, Rahul, K., Santosh, K. ve Martha, O. (2017). Blending impacts of biogas and dimethyl ether (DME) on compressed ignition engine. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 4(4), 2174–2177.
  • Alam, M. ve Kajitani, S. (2001). DME as an alternative fuel for direct injection diesel engine. 4th International Conference on Mechanical Engineering, December 26–28, Dhaka., Bangladesh, pp. 87–92.
  • Ambekar, Y. ve Hole, J. A. (2018). Preliminary optimization of duel fuel engine using dimethyl ether premixed combustion. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 5(10), 274–278.
  • Arcoumanis, C., Bae, C., Crookes, R. ve Kinoshita, E. (2008). The potential of di–methyl ether (DME) as an alternative fuel for compression–ignition engines: A review. Fuel, 87(7), 1014–1030.
  • Azizi, Z., Rezaeimanesh, M., Tohidian, T. ve Rahimpour, M. R. (2014). Dimethyl ether: A review of technologies and production challenges. Chemical Engineering and Processing, 82, 150–172.
  • Barro, C., Parravicinia, M. ve Boulouchos, K. (2019). Neat polyoxymethylene dimethyl ether in a diesel engine; part 1: Detailed combustion analysis. Fuel, 256: 115892.
  • Baskaran, R. (2015). Analysis on synthesis, storage & combustion characteristics of DME as fuel in CI engines. International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology, 3(1), 133–140.
  • Benajes, J., Novella, R., Pastor, J. M., Hernández–López, A. ve Kokjohn, S. L. (2018). Computational optimization of the combustion system of a heavy duty direct injection diesel engine operating with dimethyl–ether. Fuel, 218, 127–139.
  • Benajes, J., Novella, R., Pastor, J. M., Hernández–López, A. ve Kokjohn S. L. (2018). Computational optimization of a combustion system for a stoichiometric DME fueled compression ignition engine. Fuel, 223, 20–31.
  • Bogdan, J., Nicolae, B., Călin, I. ve Vlad, B. N. (2017). Study of emissions for a compression ignition engine fueled with a mix of DME and diesel. Materials Science and Engineering, 252, 1–9.
  • Chapman, E. M. ve Boehman, A. L. (2008). Pilot ignited premixed combustion of dimethyl ether in a turbodiesel engine. Fuel Processing Technology, 89, 1262–1271.
  • Chen, Z., Konno, M. ve Kajitani, S. (2000). Performance and emissions of DI compression ignition engines fueled with dimethyl ether. JSME International Journal, 43(1), 82–88.
  • Deepak, K. M., Karthick, M,, Dineshbabu, D., Srikanth, P. ve Ramachandran, M. G. (2015). Investigation on the effect of dimethyl ether in compression ignition engine. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 4(2), 401–407.
  • Duan, J., Sun, Y., Yang, Z. ve Sun, Z. (2012). Combustion and emissions characteristics of diesel engine operating on composite combustion mode of DME and diesel. Proceedings of International Conference on Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Shanghai, China, pp. 463–466.
  • El–Hagar, M. M. E.–G. (2014). Effect of diethyl ether and dimethyl ether with liquefied petroleum gas on combustion and emissions characteristics of diesel engine. International Journal of Computer Science and Engineering, 2(3), 193–198.
  • García, A., Gil, A., Monsalve–Serrano, J. ve Sari, R. L. (2020). OMEx–diesel blends as high reactivity fuel for ultra–low NOx and soot emissions in the dual–mode dual–fuel combustion strategy. Fuel, 275, 117898.
  • Genbao, L., Jianming, C., Minglong, L., Yuhua, Q. ve Zhaoyang, C. (2012). Experimental study on the size distribution characteristics of spray droplets of DME/diesel blended fuels. Fuel Processing Technology, 104, 352–355.
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Dizel Motorlarda Dimetil Eter Kullanımının Partikül Madde Emisyonlarına Etkileri Üzerine Bir Derleme

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 2, 1212 - 1229, 01.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.1117505

Öz

Bu çalışma, dizel motorlarda dimetil eter (DME)’in saf veya yakıt katkısı olarak kullanımı üzerine yapılmış çeşitli çalışmaların sonuçlarından yararlanılarak derlenmiştir. Dizel motorlarda zararlı egzoz emisyonlarını azaltmanın birkaç yöntemi vardır. Bunlardan ilki motor tasarımında ve yakıt enjeksiyon sisteminde modifikasyonlar yaparak yanmanın iyileştirilmesidir, ancak bu pahalı ve zaman alıcı bir yöntemdir. İkinci yöntem ise katalitik konvertör ve partikül fitresi gibi donanımlar kullanmaktır, ancak bu donanımlar motor performansını olumsuz yönde etkiler. Hem egzoz emisyonlarını azaltmak hem de motor performansını artırmak için uygulanan son yöntem çeşitli alternatif yakıtların veya yakıt katkılarının kullanılmasıdır. Dizel motorlardaki en önemli emisyonlar azot oksitler (NOx) ve partikül madde (PM) emisyonlarıdır. Çoğu araştırmacı emisyonları azaltmanın en iyi yolunun doğalgaz, biyogaz, biyodizel gibi alternatif yakıtların veya konvansiyonel veya alternatif yakıtlarla birlikte çeşitli yakıt katkılarının kullanılması olduğunu bildirmektedir. Bu nedenle, alternatif yakıtlar ve yakıt katkıları üzerine yapılan çalışmaların sonuçlarının birlikte değerlendirilmesi pratik uygulamalar için oldukça önemlidir. Bu çalışma, dimetil eterin dizel motorlarda yakıt veya yakıt katkısı olarak kullanılmasının PM emisyonları üzerindeki etkilerinin incelenmesine odaklanmıştır. Yapılan derleme çalışması sonucunda; DME saf olarak kullanıldığında yüksek oksijen içeriği, kimyasal yapısında direkt bağlı karbon bulunmaması, hızlı buharlaşma, yüksek setan sayısı ve düşük tutuşma sıcaklığı gibi özellikleri sayesinde sıfıra yakın PM emisyonu elde edilmesini sağladığı belirlenmiştir. Saf DME’nin dizel yakıtına kıyasla PM emisyonunu %13–228 ve biyodizel yakıtına kıyasla %88.6–227.6 azalttığı tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, farklı oranlarda DME içeren dizel–DME karışımlarının dizel yakıtına kıyasla PM emisyonunu %4.7–509 azalttığı ve farklı oranlarda DME içeren biyodizel–DME karışımlarının PM emisyonunu biyodizel yakıtına kıyasla %38.2 azalttığı tespit edilmiştir. Diğer taraftan, LPG–DME karışımının dizel yakıtına kıyasla PM emisyonunu %269–493 azalttığı ve farklı oranlarda DME içeren DME–NH3 karışımlarının saf DME’ye kıyasla PM emisyonunu %40.7–96.7 artırdığı tespit edilmiştir. Öte yandan, egzoz gazı resirkülasyonu (EGR) oranının %10–50 aralığında değiştirilmesinin PM emisyonunu %13.1–48.4 artırdığı tespit edilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Abhishek, Rahul, K., Santosh, K. ve Martha, O. (2017). Blending impacts of biogas and dimethyl ether (DME) on compressed ignition engine. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 4(4), 2174–2177.
  • Alam, M. ve Kajitani, S. (2001). DME as an alternative fuel for direct injection diesel engine. 4th International Conference on Mechanical Engineering, December 26–28, Dhaka., Bangladesh, pp. 87–92.
  • Ambekar, Y. ve Hole, J. A. (2018). Preliminary optimization of duel fuel engine using dimethyl ether premixed combustion. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 5(10), 274–278.
  • Arcoumanis, C., Bae, C., Crookes, R. ve Kinoshita, E. (2008). The potential of di–methyl ether (DME) as an alternative fuel for compression–ignition engines: A review. Fuel, 87(7), 1014–1030.
  • Azizi, Z., Rezaeimanesh, M., Tohidian, T. ve Rahimpour, M. R. (2014). Dimethyl ether: A review of technologies and production challenges. Chemical Engineering and Processing, 82, 150–172.
  • Barro, C., Parravicinia, M. ve Boulouchos, K. (2019). Neat polyoxymethylene dimethyl ether in a diesel engine; part 1: Detailed combustion analysis. Fuel, 256: 115892.
  • Baskaran, R. (2015). Analysis on synthesis, storage & combustion characteristics of DME as fuel in CI engines. International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology, 3(1), 133–140.
  • Benajes, J., Novella, R., Pastor, J. M., Hernández–López, A. ve Kokjohn, S. L. (2018). Computational optimization of the combustion system of a heavy duty direct injection diesel engine operating with dimethyl–ether. Fuel, 218, 127–139.
  • Benajes, J., Novella, R., Pastor, J. M., Hernández–López, A. ve Kokjohn S. L. (2018). Computational optimization of a combustion system for a stoichiometric DME fueled compression ignition engine. Fuel, 223, 20–31.
  • Bogdan, J., Nicolae, B., Călin, I. ve Vlad, B. N. (2017). Study of emissions for a compression ignition engine fueled with a mix of DME and diesel. Materials Science and Engineering, 252, 1–9.
  • Chapman, E. M. ve Boehman, A. L. (2008). Pilot ignited premixed combustion of dimethyl ether in a turbodiesel engine. Fuel Processing Technology, 89, 1262–1271.
  • Chen, Z., Konno, M. ve Kajitani, S. (2000). Performance and emissions of DI compression ignition engines fueled with dimethyl ether. JSME International Journal, 43(1), 82–88.
  • Deepak, K. M., Karthick, M,, Dineshbabu, D., Srikanth, P. ve Ramachandran, M. G. (2015). Investigation on the effect of dimethyl ether in compression ignition engine. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 4(2), 401–407.
  • Duan, J., Sun, Y., Yang, Z. ve Sun, Z. (2012). Combustion and emissions characteristics of diesel engine operating on composite combustion mode of DME and diesel. Proceedings of International Conference on Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Shanghai, China, pp. 463–466.
  • El–Hagar, M. M. E.–G. (2014). Effect of diethyl ether and dimethyl ether with liquefied petroleum gas on combustion and emissions characteristics of diesel engine. International Journal of Computer Science and Engineering, 2(3), 193–198.
  • García, A., Gil, A., Monsalve–Serrano, J. ve Sari, R. L. (2020). OMEx–diesel blends as high reactivity fuel for ultra–low NOx and soot emissions in the dual–mode dual–fuel combustion strategy. Fuel, 275, 117898.
  • Genbao, L., Jianming, C., Minglong, L., Yuhua, Q. ve Zhaoyang, C. (2012). Experimental study on the size distribution characteristics of spray droplets of DME/diesel blended fuels. Fuel Processing Technology, 104, 352–355.
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  • Maji, S., Ahmed, S., Siddiqui, W. A., Aggarwal, S. ve Kumar, A. (2015). Impact of di–methyl ether (DME) as an additive fuel for compression ignition engine in reduction of urban air pollution. American Journal of Environmental Protection, 3(2), 48–52.
  • Mohan, B., Yang, W., Yu, W. ve Tay, K. L. (2017). Numerical analysis of spray characteristics of dimethyl ether and diethyl ether fuel. Applied Energy, 185, 1403–1410.
  • Namasivayam, A. M., Korakianitis, T., Crookes, R. J., Bob–Manuel, K. D. H. ve Olsen, J. (2010). Biodiesel, emulsified biodiesel and dimethyl ether as pilot fuels for natural gas fuelled engines. Applied Energy, 87, 769–778.
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  • Park, S. H. (2012). Optimization of combustion chamber geometry and engine operating conditions for compression ignition engines fueled with dimethyl ether. Fuel, 97, 61–71.
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  • Park, S. H., Kim, H. J. ve Lee, C. S. (2010). Effects of dimethyl–ether (DME) spray behavior in the cylinder on the combustion and exhaust emissions characteristics of a high speed diesel engine. Fuel Processing Technology, 91, 504–513.
  • Park, S. H., Shin, D. ve Park, J. (2016). Effect of ethanol fraction on the combustion and emission characteristics of a dimethyl ether–ethanol dual–fuel reactivity controlled compression ignition engine. Applied Energy, 182, 243–252.
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  • Patil, K. R. ve Thipse, S. S. (2012). The potential of DME–diesel blends as an alternative fuel for CI engines. International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, 2(10), 35–41.
  • Prabhakaran, B., Thennarasu, P. ve Karthick, S. (2015). Performance and characteristics of a CI engine using DME (dimethyl ether). International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 4(2), 31–34.
  • Putrasari, Y., Jamsran, N. ve Lim, O. (2017). An investigation on the DME HCCI autoignition under EGR and boosted operation. Fuel, 200, 447–457.
  • Roh, H. G., Lee, D. ve Lee, C. S. (2015). Impact of DME–biodiesel, diesel–biodiesel and diesel fuels on the combustion and emission reduction characteristics of a CI engine according to pilot and single injection strategies. Journal of the Energy Institute, 88, 376–385.
  • Ryu, K., Zacharakis–Jutz, G. E. ve Kong, S.–C. (2014). Performance characteristics of compression–ignition engine using high concentration of ammonia mixed with dimethyl ether. Applied Energy, 113, 488–499.
  • Semelsberger, T. A., Borup, R. L. ve Grene, H. L. (2006). Dimethyl ether (DME) as an alternative fuel. Journal of Power Sources, 156, 497–511.
  • Sezer, I. (2011). Thermodynamic, performance and emission investigation of a diesel engine running on dimethyl ether and diethyl ether. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 50, 1594–1603.
  • Smolec, R., Idzior, M., Karpiuk, W. ve Kozak, M. (2017). Assessment of the potential of dimethyl ether as an alternative fuel for compression ignition engines. Combustion Engines, 169(2), 181–186.
  • Song, J., Huang, Z., Qiao, X. ve Wang, W. (2004). Performance of a controllable premixed combustion engine fueled with dimethyl ether. Energy Conversion and Management, 45, 2223–2232.
  • Suh, H. K. ve Lee, C. S. (2008). Experimental and analytical study on the spray characteristics of dimethyl ether (DME) and diesel fuels within a common–rail injection system in a diesel engine. Fuel, 87, 925–932.
  • Taghavifar, H., Khalilarya, S., Mirhasani, S. ve Jafarmadar, S. (2014). Numerical energetic and exergetic analysis of CI diesel engine performance for different fuels of hydrogen, dimethyl ether, and diesel under various engine speeds. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39, 9515–9526.
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  • Theinnoi, K., Suksompong, P. ve Temwutthikun, W. (2017). Engine performance of dual fuel operation with in–cylinder injected diesel fuels and in–port injected DME. Energy Procedia, 142, 461–467.
  • Thomas, G., Feng, B., Veeraragavan, A., Cleary, M. J. ve Drinnan, N. (2014). Emissions from DME combustion in diesel engines and their implications on meeting future emission norms: A review. Fuel Processing Technology, 119, 286–304.
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  • Xinling, L. ve Zhen, H. (2009). Emission reduction potential of using gas–to–liquid and dimethyl ether fuels on a turbocharged diesel engine. Science of the Total Environment, 407, 2234–2244.
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  • Vispute, K. M. ve Pawar, T. J. (2016). Study and prospects of di–methyl ether as an alternative fuel in C.I. engine: Review. International Journal of Trend in Research and Development, 3(4), 134–138.
  • Wang, H. W., Zhou, L. B., Jiang, D. M. ve Huang, Z. H. (2000). Study on the performance and emissions of a compression ignition engine fuelled with dimethyl ether. Journal of Automotive Engineering, 214, 101–106.
  • Wang, Y., Xiao, F., Zhao, Y., Li, D. ve Lei, X. (2015). Study on cycle–by–cycle variations in a diesel engine with dimethyl ether as port premixing fuel. Applied Energy, 143, 58–70.
  • Wang, Y., Zhao, Y. ve Yang, Z. (2013). Dimethyl ether energy ratio effects in a dimethyl ether–diesel dual fuel premixed charge compression ignition engine. Applied Thermal Engineering, 54, 481–487.
  • Wang, Y., Zhao, Y., Xiao, F. ve Li, D. (2014). Combustion and emission characteristics of a diesel engine with DME as port premixing fuel under different injection timing. Energy Conversion and Management, 77, 52–60.
  • Wang, Z., Liu, H., Ma, X., Wang, J., Shuai, S. ve Reitz, R. D. (2016). Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion of polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (PODE). Fuel, 183, 206–213.
  • Wattanavichien, K. (2009). Implementation of DME in a small direct injection diesel engine. International Journal of Renewable Energy, 4(2), 1–12.
  • Yanju, W., Kun, W., Wenrui, W., Shenghua, L., Xiao, C., Yajing, Y. ve Shanwen, B. (2014). Comparison study on the emission characteristics of diesel– and dimethyl ether–originated particulate matters. Applied Energy, 130, 357–369.
  • Ying, W., Li, H., Longbao, Z. ve Wei, L. (2010). Effects of DME pilot quantity on the performance of a DME PCCI–DI engine. Energy Conversion and Management, 51, 648–654.
  • Ying, W., Longbao, Z. ve Hewu, W. (2006). Diesel emission improvements by the use of oxygenated DME/diesel blend fuels. Atmospheric Environment, 40, 2313–2320.
  • Ying, W., Longbao, Z., Zhongji, Y. ve Hongyi, D. (2005). Study on combustion and emission characteristics of a vehicle engine fuelled dimethyl ether. Journal of Automotive Engineering, 219, 263–269.
  • Yoon, S. H., Cha, J. P. ve Lee, C. S. (2010). An investigation of the effects of spray angle and injection strategy on dimethyl ether (DME) combustion and exhaust emission characteristics in a common–rail diesel engine. Fuel Processing Technology, 9, 1364–1372.
  • Yoon, S. H., Han, S. C. ve Lee, C. S. (2013). Effects of high EGR rate on dimethyl ether (DME) combustion and pollutant emission characteristics in a direct injection diesel engine. Energies, 6, 5157–5167.
  • Youn, I. M., Park, S. H., Roh, H. G. ve Lee, C. S. (2011). Investigation on the fuel spray and emission reduction characteristics for dimethyl ether (DME) fueled multi–cylinder diesel engine with common–rail injection system. Fuel Processing Technology, 92, 1280–1287.
  • Zhao, Y., Wang, Y., Li, D., Lei, X. ve Liu, S. (2014). Combustion and emission characteristics of a DME (dimethyl ether)–diesel dual fuel premixed charge compression ignition engine with EGR (exhaust gas recirculation). Energy, 72, 608–617.
  • Zhu, Z., Li, D. K., Liu, J., Wei, Y. J. ve Liu, S. H. (2012). Investigation on the regulated and unregulated emissions of a DME engine under different injection timing. Applied Thermal Engineering, 35, 9–14.
Toplam 86 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Makine Mühendisliği
Bölüm Makina Mühendisliği / Mechanical Engineering
Yazarlar

İsmet Sezer 0000-0001-7342-9172

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 27 Mayıs 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 16 Mayıs 2022
Kabul Tarihi 27 Şubat 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Sezer, İ. (2023). Dizel Motorlarda Dimetil Eter Kullanımının Partikül Madde Emisyonlarına Etkileri Üzerine Bir Derleme. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 13(2), 1212-1229. https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.1117505
AMA Sezer İ. Dizel Motorlarda Dimetil Eter Kullanımının Partikül Madde Emisyonlarına Etkileri Üzerine Bir Derleme. Iğdır Üniv. Fen Bil Enst. Der. Haziran 2023;13(2):1212-1229. doi:10.21597/jist.1117505
Chicago Sezer, İsmet. “Dizel Motorlarda Dimetil Eter Kullanımının Partikül Madde Emisyonlarına Etkileri Üzerine Bir Derleme”. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology 13, sy. 2 (Haziran 2023): 1212-29. https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.1117505.
EndNote Sezer İ (01 Haziran 2023) Dizel Motorlarda Dimetil Eter Kullanımının Partikül Madde Emisyonlarına Etkileri Üzerine Bir Derleme. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology 13 2 1212–1229.
IEEE İ. Sezer, “Dizel Motorlarda Dimetil Eter Kullanımının Partikül Madde Emisyonlarına Etkileri Üzerine Bir Derleme”, Iğdır Üniv. Fen Bil Enst. Der., c. 13, sy. 2, ss. 1212–1229, 2023, doi: 10.21597/jist.1117505.
ISNAD Sezer, İsmet. “Dizel Motorlarda Dimetil Eter Kullanımının Partikül Madde Emisyonlarına Etkileri Üzerine Bir Derleme”. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology 13/2 (Haziran 2023), 1212-1229. https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.1117505.
JAMA Sezer İ. Dizel Motorlarda Dimetil Eter Kullanımının Partikül Madde Emisyonlarına Etkileri Üzerine Bir Derleme. Iğdır Üniv. Fen Bil Enst. Der. 2023;13:1212–1229.
MLA Sezer, İsmet. “Dizel Motorlarda Dimetil Eter Kullanımının Partikül Madde Emisyonlarına Etkileri Üzerine Bir Derleme”. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, c. 13, sy. 2, 2023, ss. 1212-29, doi:10.21597/jist.1117505.
Vancouver Sezer İ. Dizel Motorlarda Dimetil Eter Kullanımının Partikül Madde Emisyonlarına Etkileri Üzerine Bir Derleme. Iğdır Üniv. Fen Bil Enst. Der. 2023;13(2):1212-29.