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Urban Resilience Assessment of Trabzon

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 1286 - 1297, 01.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.656076

Öz

Negative environmental developments in the modern urban world such as pollution, disasters, scarcity of sources and climate change necessitates regulations and introduce the urgent need for new urban planning approaches. The concept of “resilience” becomes a contemporary issue in this process and it takes the discussions on sustainability, management of risks and governance a step further. Resilience is mainly a capacity of system to cope with external unexpected risks. In the urban area, the concept means adaptation and coping capacity of urban systems against shocks, risks, disasters and emergencies which may arise. The main aim of this study is to evaluate existing urbanization practices of Trabzon in terms of the concept of resilience. In the first stage, the resilience concept and its new initiatives in the planning area are discussed. Then, framework for the analysis of Trabzon is presented. Later, Criteria and measurement methods were analyzed within the framework of twelve different studies. In the scope of these studies, social, economic, physical-ecological, administrative and political resilience perspectives were defined. In this direction, 49 indicators were prepared in accordance with the national database and new method was searched for the evaluation of the Turkish case within the resilience perspective. The findings showed that Trabzon is a non-resilient city and creating risks in terms of the topics studied. A planning approach should be developed from the perspective of resilience for the city. Otherwise, it is obvious that the city will be faced with big risks in the future in terms of livability.

Kaynakça

  • Abel N D, Cummıng H M, Anderies J M, 2006. Collapse and reorganization in social-ecological systems: questions, some ideas, and policy implications. Ecology and Society, 11(1): 17.
  • Adger W N, 2000. Social and ecological resilience: are they related? Progress in human geography, 24, 347.
  • Aguirre B E, 2006. Preliminary Paper 356: On the Concept of Resilience. Disaster Research Centre, University of Delaware.
  • Altuntaş Ö, 2018. 2018-2019 Eğitim Öğretim Yılı Başları, Türkiye OECD sıralamasında Nerede? BBC News, https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-45547955 (Date of Access: 17 September 2018).
  • Anonim, 2013. Kooperatif İstatistikleri Bülteni. T.C. Gümrük ve Ticaret Bakanlığı, Ankara.
  • Baker D, Sipe N, and Gleeson B, 2006. Performance-Based Planning Perspectives from the United States, Australia, and New Zealand. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 396-409.
  • Baud I S A, Hordjick MA 2009. Dealing with risks in urban governance: what we can learn from resilience thinking, The 4th International Conference of the International Forum on Urbanism (IFoU) 2009 Amsterdam/Delft The New Urban Question – Urbanism beyond Neo-Liberalism
  • Berkes F, Folke, C, eds., 1998. Linking Social and Ecological Systems: Management Practices and Social Mechanisms for Building Resilience. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
  • Canada O, 2011. Literacy for Life: Further Results from the Adult Literacy and Life Skills Survey. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
  • Cumming G, Barnes G, Perz S, Schmink M, Sieving K, Southworth J, Van Holt T, 2005. An Exploratory Framework for the Empirical Measurement of Resilience. Ecosystems, 975-987.
  • Cutter S, Barnes L, Berry M, Burton C, Evans E, Tate E, Webb J, 2008. Communıty And Regıonal Resilience: Perspectıves From Hazards, Dısasters, And Emergency Management. Washington.
  • Çobanyılmaz P, Duman Yüksel Ü, 2013. Kentlerin İklim Değişikliğinden Zarar Görebilirliğinin Belirlenmesi: Ankara Örneği. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 39-50.
  • Dedekoca E, 2018. Türkiye'nin OECD rekorları. Aydınlık.com.tr, https://www.aydinlik.com.tr/turkiye-nin-oecd-rekorlari-ersin-dedekoca-kose-yazilari-mart-2018 (Date of Access: 2 March 2018)
  • Diaz J, 2019. Analysis of the Global Resilience Assessment Frameworks for the Urban Realm. 5th International Conference on Sustainable Development, (s. 1-8). Belgrade.
  • Dursun D, 2015. The Effects of Restructuring in the Property Development Sector on Urban Processes: A Case Study on Erzurum and Kayseri, Unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of Urban Public Policy and Local Governments, METU, Ankara
  • Dursun D, Yılmaz S, Yılmaz H, Irmak A, Demir M, Yavaş M, 2015. Hava Kirliliğinde Ekolojik Koridor Senaryoları: Erzurum Kenti, Rana Medya, Erzurum
  • Eraydın A, 2010. Resilience Thinking for Urban Analysis and Planning: An Exploratory Research on Istanbul, 24th AESOP Annual Conference, Finland
  • Eraydın A, Durmaz B, Erdem A, Yaman C, Yavuz B, 2011. The Concept of Resilience: Ankara Region Case Study, Unpublished Working Report of Regional Development Studio, DEpartment of Regional Develeopment, METU, Ankara
  • Folke C, Carpenter S, eds, 2000. Resilience and Sustainable Development: Building Adaptive Capacity in a World of Transformations, Stockholm, Edita Norstedts Tryckeri AB.
  • Hill E, Wial H, Wolman H, 2008. Exploring Regional Economic Resilience. Institute of Urban and Regional UC Berkeley, 1-17.
  • Hill EW, Wial H, Wolman H, 2008. Exploring Regional Economic Resilience, Working Paper 2008-04, University of California, USA
  • Keeley B, 2007. Human Capital: How What You Know Shapes Your Life. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
  • Maguire B, Hagan P, 2007. Disasters and Communities: Understanding Social Resilience. The Australian Journal of Emergency Management, 22(2), 16-20.
  • Marshall N, 2010. Understanding social resilience to climate variability in primary enterprises and industries. Global Environmental Change, 36-43.
  • McManus S, Seville E, Brunsdon D, Vargo, J, 2007. Resilience Management – A Framework for Assessing and Improveing the Resilience of Organizations, Resilient Organisations Programme, New Zealand
  • Morrow B, 2008. Communıty Resilience: A Social Justice Perspective. Washington.
  • OECD. 2017. Education at a glance 2017. Paris: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
  • OECD. 2018. International Migration Statistics. OECDiLibrary: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/data/oecd-international-migration-statistics_mig-data-en (Date of Access: 20 June 2018)
  • OECD 2010. Trends in Urbanisation and Urban Policies in OECD Countries: What Lessons for China? Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
  • OECD 2015. Environment at a Glance. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
  • OECD 2015. The Metropolitan Century Understanding Urbanisation and its Consequences. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
  • OECD 2015. The Metropolitan Century Understanding Urbanisation and its Consequences. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
  • OECD 2016. OECD Regions at a Glance 2016. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
  • OECD 2017. Health at a Glance 2017. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
  • OECD 2017. International Migration Outlook 2017. Paris: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
  • OECD 2017. ITF Transport Outlook . Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
  • OECD 2017. Employment Outlook 2017. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
  • OECD 2017. Pensions at a Glance 2017. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
  • OECD 2017. Health care use. OECD iLibrary: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/health-care-use/indicator-group/english_1a1ac034-en (Date of Access:10 November 2017)
  • OECD 2018. International Migration Outlook 2018. Paris: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
  • OECD 2018. OECD Economic Outlook, Volume 2018 Issue 1. Paris: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
  • OECD 2018. OECD Economic Outlook, Volume 2018 Issue 2. Paris: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
  • OECD 2018. OECD Labour Force Statistics . Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
  • OECD 2018. OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2018-2027. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
  • OECD 2018. Human Capital How what you know shapes your life. Population with tertiary education. OECD i Library: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/education-at-a-glance_19991487 (Date of Access:11 September 2018)
  • Resilience Alliance, 2007. Urban Resilience Research Prospectus, CSIRO, Australia –– Arizona State University, USA –– Stockholm University, Sweden
  • Sharifi A, Yamagata Y, 2016. Urban Resilience Assessment: Multiple Dimensions, Criteria, and Indicators. in Sharifi A, Yamagata, Y, Urban Resilience: A Transformative Approach, pp. 259-274. Switzerland: Springer.
  • Stuart Dawley A P, 2008. Towards the Resilient Region. Local Economy, pp.650–667.
  • Tedmem, 2018. Bir Bakışta Eğitim 2018. Tedmem: https://tedmem.org/mem-notlari/degerlendirme/bir-bakista-egitim-2018#return-note-2766-1 (Date of Access: 17 September 2018)
  • Ticaret Bakanlığı Risk Yönetimi, T. v. 2017. OECD Küresel Ekonomik Görünüm Raporları. https://risk.ticaret.gov.tr: https://risk.ticaret.gov.tr/bilgi-bankasi/diger-yayin-ve-raporlar/oecd-kuresel-ekonomik-gorunum-raporlari (Date of Access: 23 July 2017)
  • Tierney K, 2009. Disaster Response: Research Findings and Their Implications for Resilience Measures. Washington: CARRI .
  • TÜİK, 2017. Bölgesel İstatistikler
  • TÜİK, 2017. Gayri Safi Katma Değer Bölgesel Sonuçlar 2004-2011
  • TÜİK, 2017. Hanehalkı İşgücü Anketleri
  • TÜİK, 2018. www.tuik.gov.tr
  • Walker B, Salt D, Reid W, 2006. Resilience Thinking: Sustaining Ecosystems and People in a Changing World, Island Pr.

Urban Resilience Assessment of Trabzon

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 1286 - 1297, 01.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.656076

Öz

Negative environmental developments in the modern urban world such as pollution, disasters, scarcity of sources and climate change necessitates regulations and introduce the urgent need for new urban planning approaches. The concept of “resilience” becomes a contemporary issue in this process and it takes the discussions on sustainability, management of risks and governance a step further. Resilience is mainly a capacity of system to cope with external unexpected risks. In the urban area, the concept means adaptation and coping capacity of urban systems against shocks, risks, disasters and emergencies which may arise. The main aim of this study is to evaluate existing urbanization practices of Trabzon in terms of the concept of resilience. In the first stage, the resilience concept and its new initiatives in the planning area are discussed. Then, framework for the analysis of Trabzon is presented. Later, Criteria and measurement methods were analyzed within the framework of twelve different studies. In the scope of these studies, social, economic, physical-ecological, administrative and political resilience perspectives were defined. In this direction, 49 indicators were prepared in accordance with the national database and new method was searched for the evaluation of the Turkish case within the resilience perspective. The findings showed that Trabzon is a non-resilient city and creating risks in terms of the topics studied. A planning approach should be developed from the perspective of resilience for the city. Otherwise, it is obvious that the city will be faced with big risks in the future in terms of livability.

Kaynakça

  • Abel N D, Cummıng H M, Anderies J M, 2006. Collapse and reorganization in social-ecological systems: questions, some ideas, and policy implications. Ecology and Society, 11(1): 17.
  • Adger W N, 2000. Social and ecological resilience: are they related? Progress in human geography, 24, 347.
  • Aguirre B E, 2006. Preliminary Paper 356: On the Concept of Resilience. Disaster Research Centre, University of Delaware.
  • Altuntaş Ö, 2018. 2018-2019 Eğitim Öğretim Yılı Başları, Türkiye OECD sıralamasında Nerede? BBC News, https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-45547955 (Date of Access: 17 September 2018).
  • Anonim, 2013. Kooperatif İstatistikleri Bülteni. T.C. Gümrük ve Ticaret Bakanlığı, Ankara.
  • Baker D, Sipe N, and Gleeson B, 2006. Performance-Based Planning Perspectives from the United States, Australia, and New Zealand. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 396-409.
  • Baud I S A, Hordjick MA 2009. Dealing with risks in urban governance: what we can learn from resilience thinking, The 4th International Conference of the International Forum on Urbanism (IFoU) 2009 Amsterdam/Delft The New Urban Question – Urbanism beyond Neo-Liberalism
  • Berkes F, Folke, C, eds., 1998. Linking Social and Ecological Systems: Management Practices and Social Mechanisms for Building Resilience. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
  • Canada O, 2011. Literacy for Life: Further Results from the Adult Literacy and Life Skills Survey. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
  • Cumming G, Barnes G, Perz S, Schmink M, Sieving K, Southworth J, Van Holt T, 2005. An Exploratory Framework for the Empirical Measurement of Resilience. Ecosystems, 975-987.
  • Cutter S, Barnes L, Berry M, Burton C, Evans E, Tate E, Webb J, 2008. Communıty And Regıonal Resilience: Perspectıves From Hazards, Dısasters, And Emergency Management. Washington.
  • Çobanyılmaz P, Duman Yüksel Ü, 2013. Kentlerin İklim Değişikliğinden Zarar Görebilirliğinin Belirlenmesi: Ankara Örneği. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 39-50.
  • Dedekoca E, 2018. Türkiye'nin OECD rekorları. Aydınlık.com.tr, https://www.aydinlik.com.tr/turkiye-nin-oecd-rekorlari-ersin-dedekoca-kose-yazilari-mart-2018 (Date of Access: 2 March 2018)
  • Diaz J, 2019. Analysis of the Global Resilience Assessment Frameworks for the Urban Realm. 5th International Conference on Sustainable Development, (s. 1-8). Belgrade.
  • Dursun D, 2015. The Effects of Restructuring in the Property Development Sector on Urban Processes: A Case Study on Erzurum and Kayseri, Unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of Urban Public Policy and Local Governments, METU, Ankara
  • Dursun D, Yılmaz S, Yılmaz H, Irmak A, Demir M, Yavaş M, 2015. Hava Kirliliğinde Ekolojik Koridor Senaryoları: Erzurum Kenti, Rana Medya, Erzurum
  • Eraydın A, 2010. Resilience Thinking for Urban Analysis and Planning: An Exploratory Research on Istanbul, 24th AESOP Annual Conference, Finland
  • Eraydın A, Durmaz B, Erdem A, Yaman C, Yavuz B, 2011. The Concept of Resilience: Ankara Region Case Study, Unpublished Working Report of Regional Development Studio, DEpartment of Regional Develeopment, METU, Ankara
  • Folke C, Carpenter S, eds, 2000. Resilience and Sustainable Development: Building Adaptive Capacity in a World of Transformations, Stockholm, Edita Norstedts Tryckeri AB.
  • Hill E, Wial H, Wolman H, 2008. Exploring Regional Economic Resilience. Institute of Urban and Regional UC Berkeley, 1-17.
  • Hill EW, Wial H, Wolman H, 2008. Exploring Regional Economic Resilience, Working Paper 2008-04, University of California, USA
  • Keeley B, 2007. Human Capital: How What You Know Shapes Your Life. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
  • Maguire B, Hagan P, 2007. Disasters and Communities: Understanding Social Resilience. The Australian Journal of Emergency Management, 22(2), 16-20.
  • Marshall N, 2010. Understanding social resilience to climate variability in primary enterprises and industries. Global Environmental Change, 36-43.
  • McManus S, Seville E, Brunsdon D, Vargo, J, 2007. Resilience Management – A Framework for Assessing and Improveing the Resilience of Organizations, Resilient Organisations Programme, New Zealand
  • Morrow B, 2008. Communıty Resilience: A Social Justice Perspective. Washington.
  • OECD. 2017. Education at a glance 2017. Paris: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
  • OECD. 2018. International Migration Statistics. OECDiLibrary: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/data/oecd-international-migration-statistics_mig-data-en (Date of Access: 20 June 2018)
  • OECD 2010. Trends in Urbanisation and Urban Policies in OECD Countries: What Lessons for China? Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
  • OECD 2015. Environment at a Glance. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
  • OECD 2015. The Metropolitan Century Understanding Urbanisation and its Consequences. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
  • OECD 2015. The Metropolitan Century Understanding Urbanisation and its Consequences. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
  • OECD 2016. OECD Regions at a Glance 2016. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
  • OECD 2017. Health at a Glance 2017. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
  • OECD 2017. International Migration Outlook 2017. Paris: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
  • OECD 2017. ITF Transport Outlook . Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
  • OECD 2017. Employment Outlook 2017. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
  • OECD 2017. Pensions at a Glance 2017. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
  • OECD 2017. Health care use. OECD iLibrary: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/health-care-use/indicator-group/english_1a1ac034-en (Date of Access:10 November 2017)
  • OECD 2018. International Migration Outlook 2018. Paris: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
  • OECD 2018. OECD Economic Outlook, Volume 2018 Issue 1. Paris: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
  • OECD 2018. OECD Economic Outlook, Volume 2018 Issue 2. Paris: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
  • OECD 2018. OECD Labour Force Statistics . Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
  • OECD 2018. OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2018-2027. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
  • OECD 2018. Human Capital How what you know shapes your life. Population with tertiary education. OECD i Library: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/education-at-a-glance_19991487 (Date of Access:11 September 2018)
  • Resilience Alliance, 2007. Urban Resilience Research Prospectus, CSIRO, Australia –– Arizona State University, USA –– Stockholm University, Sweden
  • Sharifi A, Yamagata Y, 2016. Urban Resilience Assessment: Multiple Dimensions, Criteria, and Indicators. in Sharifi A, Yamagata, Y, Urban Resilience: A Transformative Approach, pp. 259-274. Switzerland: Springer.
  • Stuart Dawley A P, 2008. Towards the Resilient Region. Local Economy, pp.650–667.
  • Tedmem, 2018. Bir Bakışta Eğitim 2018. Tedmem: https://tedmem.org/mem-notlari/degerlendirme/bir-bakista-egitim-2018#return-note-2766-1 (Date of Access: 17 September 2018)
  • Ticaret Bakanlığı Risk Yönetimi, T. v. 2017. OECD Küresel Ekonomik Görünüm Raporları. https://risk.ticaret.gov.tr: https://risk.ticaret.gov.tr/bilgi-bankasi/diger-yayin-ve-raporlar/oecd-kuresel-ekonomik-gorunum-raporlari (Date of Access: 23 July 2017)
  • Tierney K, 2009. Disaster Response: Research Findings and Their Implications for Resilience Measures. Washington: CARRI .
  • TÜİK, 2017. Bölgesel İstatistikler
  • TÜİK, 2017. Gayri Safi Katma Değer Bölgesel Sonuçlar 2004-2011
  • TÜİK, 2017. Hanehalkı İşgücü Anketleri
  • TÜİK, 2018. www.tuik.gov.tr
  • Walker B, Salt D, Reid W, 2006. Resilience Thinking: Sustaining Ecosystems and People in a Changing World, Island Pr.
Toplam 56 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Mühendislik
Bölüm Peyzaj Mimarlığı / Landscape Architecture
Yazarlar

Doğan Dursun 0000-0003-3791-0027

Defne Dursun 0000-0003-4560-744X

Ahmet Burak Kaya 0000-0002-1530-9671

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 6 Aralık 2019
Kabul Tarihi 25 Ocak 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Dursun, D., Dursun, D., & Kaya, A. B. (2020). Urban Resilience Assessment of Trabzon. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 10(2), 1286-1297. https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.656076
AMA Dursun D, Dursun D, Kaya AB. Urban Resilience Assessment of Trabzon. Iğdır Üniv. Fen Bil Enst. Der. Haziran 2020;10(2):1286-1297. doi:10.21597/jist.656076
Chicago Dursun, Doğan, Defne Dursun, ve Ahmet Burak Kaya. “Urban Resilience Assessment of Trabzon”. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology 10, sy. 2 (Haziran 2020): 1286-97. https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.656076.
EndNote Dursun D, Dursun D, Kaya AB (01 Haziran 2020) Urban Resilience Assessment of Trabzon. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology 10 2 1286–1297.
IEEE D. Dursun, D. Dursun, ve A. B. Kaya, “Urban Resilience Assessment of Trabzon”, Iğdır Üniv. Fen Bil Enst. Der., c. 10, sy. 2, ss. 1286–1297, 2020, doi: 10.21597/jist.656076.
ISNAD Dursun, Doğan vd. “Urban Resilience Assessment of Trabzon”. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology 10/2 (Haziran 2020), 1286-1297. https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.656076.
JAMA Dursun D, Dursun D, Kaya AB. Urban Resilience Assessment of Trabzon. Iğdır Üniv. Fen Bil Enst. Der. 2020;10:1286–1297.
MLA Dursun, Doğan vd. “Urban Resilience Assessment of Trabzon”. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, c. 10, sy. 2, 2020, ss. 1286-97, doi:10.21597/jist.656076.
Vancouver Dursun D, Dursun D, Kaya AB. Urban Resilience Assessment of Trabzon. Iğdır Üniv. Fen Bil Enst. Der. 2020;10(2):1286-97.

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