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Yıl 2021, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 4, 424 - 434, 30.12.2021

Hamza Çınar Kemal Yıldırım Mustafa Hamarat

https://doi.org/10.54287/gujsa.1012834

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Akkuş, M., Akbulut, T., & Candan, Z. (2021). Formaldehyde emission, combustion behavior, and artificial weathering characteristics of electrostatic powder coated wood composite panels. Wood Material Science & Engineering. doi:10.1080/17480272.2021.1901142
  • Andersson, K., Bakke, J. V., Bjørseth, O., Bornehag, C-G., Clausen, G., Hongslo, J. K., Kjellman, M., Kjærgaard, S., Levy, F., Mølhave, L., Skerfving, S., & Sundell, J. (1997). TVOC and health in non-industrial indoor environments. INDOOR AIR International Journal of Indoor Air Quality and Climate, 7(2), 78-91. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1997.t01-2-00002.x
  • ASTM, American Society for Testing and Materials. (2019). Standard Specification for Standard Environment for Conditioning and Testing Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and Related Materials (D3924-16, Active Standart), Philadelphia, PA. (Accessed:19/11/2021) https://www.astm.org/Standards/D3924.htm
  • Bartzis, J., Wolkoff, P., Stranger, M., Efthimiou, G., Tolis, E. I., Maes, F., Nørgaard, A. W., Ventura, G., Kalimeri, K. K., Goelen, E., & Fernandes, O. (2015). On organic emissions testing from indoor consumer products’ use. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 285, 37-45. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.11.024
  • Benotto, E., Becker, M., & Welfring, J. (2009). Life cycle assessment of oriented strand boards (OSB): From process innovation to eco-design. Environmental Science Technology Journal, 43(15), 6003-6009. doi:10.1021/es900707u
  • Brockmann, C. M., Sheldon, L. S., Whitaker., D. A., & Baskir, J. N. (1998). The Application of Pollution Prevention Techniques to Reduce Indoor Air Emissions from Engineered Wood Products (Report No. EPA-600/R-98-146), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
  • Bulian, F., & Fragassa, C. (2016). VOC emissions from wood products and furniture: A survey about legislation, standards and measures referred to different materials. FME Transactions, 44(4), 358-364. doi:10.5937/fmet1604358B
  • Cacho, C., Ventura Silva, G., Martins, A. O., Fernandes, E. O., Saraga, D. E., Dimitroulopoulou, C., Bartzis, J. G., Rembges, D., Barrero-Moreno, J., & Kotzias, D. (2013). Air pollutants in office environments and emissions from electronic equipment: A review. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 22(9), 2488-2497.
  • Cheng, K., Hao, W-W., Yi, P., Zhang, Y., & Zhang, J-Y. (2018). Volatile organic compounds emission from chinese wood furniture coating industry: Activity-based Emission factor, speciation profiles, and provincial emission inventory. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 18(11), 2813-2825. doi:10.4209/aaqr.2018.02.0044
  • Cinar, H. (2005). Eco design and furniture: Environmental impacts of wood-based panels, surface and edge finishes. Forest Products Journal, 55(11), 27-33.
  • Cinar, H. (2018). Effects of temperature and thickness of wood-based boards on formaldehyde emission. Wood Research, 63(5), 895-908.
  • Cinar, H., & Erdogdu, M. (2018). Eco-Design: Effects of thickness and time in service for wood-based boards on formaldehyde emission. Forest Products Journal, 68(4), 405-413. doi:10.13073/FPJ-D-17-00027
  • Cinar, H., Ozturk, Y., & Yıldırım, K. (2018). Effects of surface veneering, edge banding, drilling holes for handles and hinges of wood-based boards on formaldehyde emission. Forest Products Journal, 68(3), 264-271.
  • Clausen, P. A., Wolkoff, P., Host, E., & Nielsen, P. A. (1991). Long-term emission of volatile organic compounds from waterborne paints. INDOOR AIR International Journal of Indoor Air Quality and Climate, 1(4), 562-576. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1991.00019.x
  • Climatic Test Cabinet (2012). NÜVE Industrial Materials for production and Trade IC. Model TK 600 (W). Volume 600 Lt. Max. Temp. -10/60°C. Ankara, Turkey.
  • Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16(3), 297-334. doi:10.1007/BF02310555
  • Fechter, J-O., Englund, F., & Lundin, A. (2006) Association between temperature, relative humidity and concentration of volatile organic compounds from wooden furniture in a model room. Wood Material Science & Engineering, 1(2), 69-75. doi:10.1080/17480270600900551
  • Goedkoop, M., & Spriensma, R. (2000). The Eco-Indicator 99: A Damage Oriented Method for Life Cycle Impact Assessment (Methodology Report, nr.1999/36A), Product Ecology Consultants B. V., Amersfoort, Netherlands.
  • Guo, H., Lee, S. C., & Kwok, N-H. (2002). Modeling of VOCS emissions from a varnish. Proceedings: Indoor Air, 226-231. (Accessed:19/11/2021) https://www.irbnet.de/daten/iconda/CIB7084.pdf
  • Hidayetoglu, M. L., & Muezzinoglu, K. M. (2018). User-involved universal design experience in the space, product and service development process. ICONARP International Journal of Architecture and Planning, 6, 41-62. doi:10.15320/ICONARP.2018.48
  • Howard, E. M., McCrillis, R. C., Krebs, K. A., Fortmann, R., Lao, H. C., & Guo, Z. (1998). Indoor emissions from conversion varnishes. Journal of Air & Waste Management Association, 48(10), 924-930.
  • Kephalopoulos, S., Crump, D., Däumling, C., Funch, L. W., Horn, W., Keirsbulck, M., Maupetit, F., Sateri, J., Saarela, K., Scutaru, A. M., Tirkkonen, T., Witterseh, T., & Sperk, C. (2012). Harmonisation framework for indoor products labelling schemes in the EU (European Collaborative Action Report no. 27). European Commission Joint Research Centre. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. doi:10.2788/20292
  • Li, G., Wei, W., Shao, X., Nie, L., Wang, H., Yan, X., & Zhang, R. (2018). A comprehensive classification method for VOC emission sources to tackle air pollution based on VOC species reactivity and emission amounts. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 67, 78-88. doi:10.1016/j.jes.2017.08.003
  • McCrillis, R. C., Howard, E. M., Guo, Z., Krebs, K. A., Fortmann, R., & Lao, H. C. (1999). Characterization of curing emissions from conversion varnishes. Journal of Air & Waste Management Association, 49(1), 70-75.
  • Missia, D. A., Demetriou, E., Michael, N., Tolis, E. I., & Bartzis, J. G. (2010). Indoor exposure from building materials: A field study. Atmospheric Environment, 44(35), 4388-4395. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.07.049
  • Nandan, A., Siddiqui, N. A. & Kumar, P. (2020). Estimation of indoor air pollutant during photocopy/printing operation: A computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-based study. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 42, 3543-3573. doi:10.1007/s10653-020-00589-0
  • Panayides, P. (2013). Coefficient Alpha: Interpret with caution. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 9(4), 687-696. doi:10.5964/ejop.v9i4.653
  • Subaşı, T., Çınar, H., & Çağatay, K. (2017). Mobilya sektöründe kullanılan kompozit malzemelerin insan yaşamına ve çevreye etkileri. İleri Teknoloji Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(3), 557-571.
  • TSE, Turkish Standards Institution (1976). Wood, Determination of Moisture Content for Physical and Mechanical Tests (TS 2471, Active Standart), Ankara.
  • TSE, Turkish Standards Institution (1999). Wood- Based panels- Sampling, cutting and inspection- Part 1: Sampling test pieces and expression of test results (TS EN 326-1, Active Standart), Ankara.
  • TSE, Turkish Standards Institution (2006). Wood - based panels - Determination of formaldehyde release - Part 1: Formaldehyde emission by the chamber method (TS EN 717-1, Active Standart), Ankara, Turkey.
  • TSE, Turkish Standards Institution (2011). Fibreboards - Specifications - Part 5: Requirements for dry process boards (MDF) (TS EN 622-5, Active Standart), Ankara.
  • TSE, Turkish Standards Institution (2012). Particleboards- Specification (TS EN 312, Active Standart), Ankara.
  • TSE, Turkish Standards Institution (2015). Wood-based panels for use in construction - Characteristics, evaluation of conformity and marking (TS EN 13986:2004+A1, Active Standart), Ankara.
  • Ulker, O. C., Ulker, O., & Hiziroglu, S. (2021). Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from coated furniture units. Coatings, 11(7), 806. doi:10.3390/coatings11070806
  • WHO, World Health Organization (1989). Indoor Air Quality: Organic Pollutants, WHO Regional Office for Europe, EURO Reports and Studies No. 111, Copenhagen.
  • Wu, X., Huang, W., Zhang, Y., Zheng, C., Jiang, X., Gao, X., & Cen, K. (2015). Characteristics and uncertainty of industrial VOCs emissions in China. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 15(3), 1045-1058. doi:10.4209/aaqr.2014.10.0236
  • Yıldırım, K., Müezzinoğlu, M. K., & Bozkurt, O. (2020). Konutlarda Döşemeli Mobilyaların Değiştirilme Süreçlerinin İncelenmesi. Selçuk-Teknik Dergisi, 19(2), 68-83.
  • Yıldırım, K., Müezzinoğlu, M. K., & Türkdal, S. (2021). Fiziksel Engelli Kullanıcıların İç Mekân Donatı Elemanlarına Yönelik Tercihlerinin Belirlenmesi. Uluslararası Disiplinlerarası ve Kültürlerarası Sanat, 6(12), 193-213.
  • Yu, C. W. F., & Kim, J. T. (2012). Long-term impact of formaldehyde and VOC emissions from wood-based products on indoor environments; and issues with recycled products. Indoor and Built Environment, 21(1), 137-149. doi:10.1177/1420326X11424330

Effect of Wood-Based Panels and Varnish Types on VOC Emissions in Furniture Production

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 4, 424 - 434, 30.12.2021

Hamza Çınar Kemal Yıldırım Mustafa Hamarat

https://doi.org/10.54287/gujsa.1012834

Öz

This study investigated the effects of varnishes on VOCs emissions from wood-based panels of standard particle panels (PB) and medium density fiber panels (MDF) which are covered by beech veneer and varnished by three different types of varnishes. The highest value was 624,90 ppm for Toluene, while the lowest was 0,30 ppm for Para xylene in respect to the Particleboards which were covered by beech veneered and varnished with cellulosic varnish. However, samples of beech veneered and varnished with synthetic and polyurethane varnishes yielded less gas emission than cellulosic varnish. The samples of MDF, covered with beech veneer and varnished polyurethane varnished yielded gas emission more than the synthetic (100%) and cellulosic varnishes (220%). All values show that gas emission reduces its effect within time in respect to the manufacturing time, after drying period, 15- and 30-days measurements.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Wood-Based Boards Furniture Emission Varnish VOC

Kaynakça

  • Akkuş, M., Akbulut, T., & Candan, Z. (2021). Formaldehyde emission, combustion behavior, and artificial weathering characteristics of electrostatic powder coated wood composite panels. Wood Material Science & Engineering. doi:10.1080/17480272.2021.1901142
  • Andersson, K., Bakke, J. V., Bjørseth, O., Bornehag, C-G., Clausen, G., Hongslo, J. K., Kjellman, M., Kjærgaard, S., Levy, F., Mølhave, L., Skerfving, S., & Sundell, J. (1997). TVOC and health in non-industrial indoor environments. INDOOR AIR International Journal of Indoor Air Quality and Climate, 7(2), 78-91. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1997.t01-2-00002.x
  • ASTM, American Society for Testing and Materials. (2019). Standard Specification for Standard Environment for Conditioning and Testing Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and Related Materials (D3924-16, Active Standart), Philadelphia, PA. (Accessed:19/11/2021) https://www.astm.org/Standards/D3924.htm
  • Bartzis, J., Wolkoff, P., Stranger, M., Efthimiou, G., Tolis, E. I., Maes, F., Nørgaard, A. W., Ventura, G., Kalimeri, K. K., Goelen, E., & Fernandes, O. (2015). On organic emissions testing from indoor consumer products’ use. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 285, 37-45. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.11.024
  • Benotto, E., Becker, M., & Welfring, J. (2009). Life cycle assessment of oriented strand boards (OSB): From process innovation to eco-design. Environmental Science Technology Journal, 43(15), 6003-6009. doi:10.1021/es900707u
  • Brockmann, C. M., Sheldon, L. S., Whitaker., D. A., & Baskir, J. N. (1998). The Application of Pollution Prevention Techniques to Reduce Indoor Air Emissions from Engineered Wood Products (Report No. EPA-600/R-98-146), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
  • Bulian, F., & Fragassa, C. (2016). VOC emissions from wood products and furniture: A survey about legislation, standards and measures referred to different materials. FME Transactions, 44(4), 358-364. doi:10.5937/fmet1604358B
  • Cacho, C., Ventura Silva, G., Martins, A. O., Fernandes, E. O., Saraga, D. E., Dimitroulopoulou, C., Bartzis, J. G., Rembges, D., Barrero-Moreno, J., & Kotzias, D. (2013). Air pollutants in office environments and emissions from electronic equipment: A review. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 22(9), 2488-2497.
  • Cheng, K., Hao, W-W., Yi, P., Zhang, Y., & Zhang, J-Y. (2018). Volatile organic compounds emission from chinese wood furniture coating industry: Activity-based Emission factor, speciation profiles, and provincial emission inventory. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 18(11), 2813-2825. doi:10.4209/aaqr.2018.02.0044
  • Cinar, H. (2005). Eco design and furniture: Environmental impacts of wood-based panels, surface and edge finishes. Forest Products Journal, 55(11), 27-33.
  • Cinar, H. (2018). Effects of temperature and thickness of wood-based boards on formaldehyde emission. Wood Research, 63(5), 895-908.
  • Cinar, H., & Erdogdu, M. (2018). Eco-Design: Effects of thickness and time in service for wood-based boards on formaldehyde emission. Forest Products Journal, 68(4), 405-413. doi:10.13073/FPJ-D-17-00027
  • Cinar, H., Ozturk, Y., & Yıldırım, K. (2018). Effects of surface veneering, edge banding, drilling holes for handles and hinges of wood-based boards on formaldehyde emission. Forest Products Journal, 68(3), 264-271.
  • Clausen, P. A., Wolkoff, P., Host, E., & Nielsen, P. A. (1991). Long-term emission of volatile organic compounds from waterborne paints. INDOOR AIR International Journal of Indoor Air Quality and Climate, 1(4), 562-576. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1991.00019.x
  • Climatic Test Cabinet (2012). NÜVE Industrial Materials for production and Trade IC. Model TK 600 (W). Volume 600 Lt. Max. Temp. -10/60°C. Ankara, Turkey.
  • Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16(3), 297-334. doi:10.1007/BF02310555
  • Fechter, J-O., Englund, F., & Lundin, A. (2006) Association between temperature, relative humidity and concentration of volatile organic compounds from wooden furniture in a model room. Wood Material Science & Engineering, 1(2), 69-75. doi:10.1080/17480270600900551
  • Goedkoop, M., & Spriensma, R. (2000). The Eco-Indicator 99: A Damage Oriented Method for Life Cycle Impact Assessment (Methodology Report, nr.1999/36A), Product Ecology Consultants B. V., Amersfoort, Netherlands.
  • Guo, H., Lee, S. C., & Kwok, N-H. (2002). Modeling of VOCS emissions from a varnish. Proceedings: Indoor Air, 226-231. (Accessed:19/11/2021) https://www.irbnet.de/daten/iconda/CIB7084.pdf
  • Hidayetoglu, M. L., & Muezzinoglu, K. M. (2018). User-involved universal design experience in the space, product and service development process. ICONARP International Journal of Architecture and Planning, 6, 41-62. doi:10.15320/ICONARP.2018.48
  • Howard, E. M., McCrillis, R. C., Krebs, K. A., Fortmann, R., Lao, H. C., & Guo, Z. (1998). Indoor emissions from conversion varnishes. Journal of Air & Waste Management Association, 48(10), 924-930.
  • Kephalopoulos, S., Crump, D., Däumling, C., Funch, L. W., Horn, W., Keirsbulck, M., Maupetit, F., Sateri, J., Saarela, K., Scutaru, A. M., Tirkkonen, T., Witterseh, T., & Sperk, C. (2012). Harmonisation framework for indoor products labelling schemes in the EU (European Collaborative Action Report no. 27). European Commission Joint Research Centre. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. doi:10.2788/20292
  • Li, G., Wei, W., Shao, X., Nie, L., Wang, H., Yan, X., & Zhang, R. (2018). A comprehensive classification method for VOC emission sources to tackle air pollution based on VOC species reactivity and emission amounts. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 67, 78-88. doi:10.1016/j.jes.2017.08.003
  • McCrillis, R. C., Howard, E. M., Guo, Z., Krebs, K. A., Fortmann, R., & Lao, H. C. (1999). Characterization of curing emissions from conversion varnishes. Journal of Air & Waste Management Association, 49(1), 70-75.
  • Missia, D. A., Demetriou, E., Michael, N., Tolis, E. I., & Bartzis, J. G. (2010). Indoor exposure from building materials: A field study. Atmospheric Environment, 44(35), 4388-4395. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.07.049
  • Nandan, A., Siddiqui, N. A. & Kumar, P. (2020). Estimation of indoor air pollutant during photocopy/printing operation: A computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-based study. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 42, 3543-3573. doi:10.1007/s10653-020-00589-0
  • Panayides, P. (2013). Coefficient Alpha: Interpret with caution. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 9(4), 687-696. doi:10.5964/ejop.v9i4.653
  • Subaşı, T., Çınar, H., & Çağatay, K. (2017). Mobilya sektöründe kullanılan kompozit malzemelerin insan yaşamına ve çevreye etkileri. İleri Teknoloji Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(3), 557-571.
  • TSE, Turkish Standards Institution (1976). Wood, Determination of Moisture Content for Physical and Mechanical Tests (TS 2471, Active Standart), Ankara.
  • TSE, Turkish Standards Institution (1999). Wood- Based panels- Sampling, cutting and inspection- Part 1: Sampling test pieces and expression of test results (TS EN 326-1, Active Standart), Ankara.
  • TSE, Turkish Standards Institution (2006). Wood - based panels - Determination of formaldehyde release - Part 1: Formaldehyde emission by the chamber method (TS EN 717-1, Active Standart), Ankara, Turkey.
  • TSE, Turkish Standards Institution (2011). Fibreboards - Specifications - Part 5: Requirements for dry process boards (MDF) (TS EN 622-5, Active Standart), Ankara.
  • TSE, Turkish Standards Institution (2012). Particleboards- Specification (TS EN 312, Active Standart), Ankara.
  • TSE, Turkish Standards Institution (2015). Wood-based panels for use in construction - Characteristics, evaluation of conformity and marking (TS EN 13986:2004+A1, Active Standart), Ankara.
  • Ulker, O. C., Ulker, O., & Hiziroglu, S. (2021). Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from coated furniture units. Coatings, 11(7), 806. doi:10.3390/coatings11070806
  • WHO, World Health Organization (1989). Indoor Air Quality: Organic Pollutants, WHO Regional Office for Europe, EURO Reports and Studies No. 111, Copenhagen.
  • Wu, X., Huang, W., Zhang, Y., Zheng, C., Jiang, X., Gao, X., & Cen, K. (2015). Characteristics and uncertainty of industrial VOCs emissions in China. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 15(3), 1045-1058. doi:10.4209/aaqr.2014.10.0236
  • Yıldırım, K., Müezzinoğlu, M. K., & Bozkurt, O. (2020). Konutlarda Döşemeli Mobilyaların Değiştirilme Süreçlerinin İncelenmesi. Selçuk-Teknik Dergisi, 19(2), 68-83.
  • Yıldırım, K., Müezzinoğlu, M. K., & Türkdal, S. (2021). Fiziksel Engelli Kullanıcıların İç Mekân Donatı Elemanlarına Yönelik Tercihlerinin Belirlenmesi. Uluslararası Disiplinlerarası ve Kültürlerarası Sanat, 6(12), 193-213.
  • Yu, C. W. F., & Kim, J. T. (2012). Long-term impact of formaldehyde and VOC emissions from wood-based products on indoor environments; and issues with recycled products. Indoor and Built Environment, 21(1), 137-149. doi:10.1177/1420326X11424330
Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Ağaç İşleri Endüstri Mühendisliği
Yazarlar

Hamza Çınar 0000-0003-2607-852X

Kemal Yıldırım 0000-0001-5447-1201

Mustafa Hamarat Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-0699-191X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 21 Ekim 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Çınar, H., Yıldırım, K., & Hamarat, M. (2021). Effect of Wood-Based Panels and Varnish Types on VOC Emissions in Furniture Production. Gazi University Journal of Science Part A: Engineering and Innovation, 8(4), 424-434. https://doi.org/10.54287/gujsa.1012834
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