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Yüzey Topoğrafyasının Zemin Büyütmesine Etkisi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 322 - 333, 31.08.2023

Ayhan Doğan Ünal Dikmen

Öz

Zemin büyütmesi, sismik dalgaların zemin tabakalarından geçerken genliklerindeki artış olarak bilinmektedir. Zemin büyütmesi, sismik ana kaya derinliği ve eğimi, fiziksel ve litolojik özellikleri, yanal ve düşey süreksizlikler, tabakalarının kalınlığı ve topoğrafya gibi bir çok etkene bağlıdır. Bu çalışmada yüzey topoğrafyasının yerel zemin büyütmesine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Zemin tepkisinin üç boyutlu (3-B) sonlu eleman yöntemiyle inceleyebilmek için SiteEffect3D isminde bir yazılım geliştirilmiştir. Bu yazılım ile yüzey topoğrafyasının yerel zemin büyütmesine etkisi çeşitli 3-B modeller kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Bu modeller 17 Ağustos 1999 depremi ivme kaydı ve sentetik ivme kayıtlarına maruz bırakılmış, dinamik analiz sonucunda en yüksek yer ivmesi (PGA) sonuçlarından grafikler elde edilmiştir.
Dinamik analiz sonuçları, yüzey topoğrafyası kullanıldığında PGA değerlerinin önemli ölçüde değiştiğini göstermektedir. Düz alanların az olduğu tepeliklerde PGA değerleri yüksek çıkmakta, tepenin eğimi de sonucu etkilemektedir. Düz alanların daha geniş olduğu bölgelerde bulunan tepeliklerde de PGA sonuçlarında dikkate değer değişiklikler olmaktadır. Ancak geniş düzlükler içerisinde bulunan tepelerde eğim değişiminin etkisi görece daha azdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Zemin büyütmesi Yüzey topoğrafyası Deprem Jeofizik

Kaynakça

  • [1] K. Bashir, R. Debnath, and R. Saha, "Estimation of local site effects and seismic vulnerability using geotechnical dataset at flyover site Agartala India," Acta Geophysica, vol. 70, no. 3, pp. 1003-1036, 2022. doi:10.1007/s11600-022-00753-3
  • [2] A. Doğan, "Yer tepkisinin üç boyutlu sonlu eleman yöntemiyle belirlenmesi," Doktora Tezi, Jeofizik Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı, Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara, Türkiye, 2021.
  • [3] H. Mittal, Kamal, A. Kumar, and S. K. Singh, "Estimation of site effects in Delhi using standard spectral ratio," Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, vol. 50, pp. 53-61, 2013. doi:10.1016/j.soildyn.2013.03.004
  • [4] E. Şafak, "Local site effects and dynamic soil behavior," Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 453-458, 2001. doi:10.1016/S0267-7261(01)00021-5
  • [5] M. K. Koçkar and H. Akgün, "Evaluation of the site effects of the Ankara basin, Turkey," Journal of Applied Geophysics, vol. 83, pp. 120-134, 2012. doi:10.1016/j.jappgeo.2012.05.007.
  • [6] A. Boominathan, G. R. Dodagoudar, A. Suganthi, and R. Uma Maheswari, "Seismic hazard assessment of Chennai city considering local site effects," Journal of Earth System Science, vol. 117, no. 2, pp. 853-863, 2008. doi:10.1007/s12040-008-0072-4 [7] A. Kandilarov, K. Atakan, J. Havskov, and D. Gospodinov, "An investigation of the significance of local site effects in Plovdiv, Bulgaria," Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 181-198, 2009/02/01 2009. doi:10.1007/s10518-008-9091-4
  • [8] P. Moczo et al., "Key structural parameters affecting earthquake ground motion in 2D and 3D sedimentary structures," Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 2421-2450, 2018/06/01 2018. doi:10.1007/s10518-018-0345-5
  • [9] P. Pelekis, A. Batilas, E. Pefani, V. Vlachakis, and G. Athanasopoulos, "Surface topography and site stratigraphy effects on the seismic response of a slope in the Achaia-Ilia (Greece) 2008 Mw6. 4 earthquake," Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, vol. 100, pp. 538-554, 2017.
  • [10] M. E. Haşal, "Topoğrafik düzensizliklerin zemin büyütmesine etkisi," Doktora Tezi, İnşaat Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı Geoteknik Mühendisliği Programı, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2009.
  • [11] B. Ruan, K. Zhao, S.-Y. Wang, G.-X. Chen, and H.-Y. Wang, "Numerical modeling of seismic site effects in a shallow estuarine bay (Suai Bay, Shantou, China)," Engineering Geology, vol. 260, p. 105233, 2019. doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2019.105233
  • [12] A. Beliceli, "Eskişehir yerleşim yeri zemininin büyütme etkisinin makaslama dalga hızına (Vs) bağlı olarak belirlenmesi," Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı, Balıkesir Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2006.
  • [13] R. Jibson, "Summary of research on the effects of topographic amplification of earthquake shaking on slope stability," US Geological Survey, California, 1987.
  • [14] P. Y. Bard and M. Bouchon, "The seismic response of sediment-filled valleys. part 1: The case of incident SH waves," Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 70, pp. 1263-1286, 1980a.
  • [15] P. Y. Bard and M. Bouchon, "The seismic response of sediment-filled valleys. part 2: The case of incident P and SV waves," Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 70, pp. 1921-1941, 1980b.
  • [16] P. Y. Bard and M. Bouchon, "The two-dimensional resonance of sediment-filled valleys," Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 75, pp. 519-541, 1985, doi:10.1785/BSSA0750020519
  • [17] P. Y. Bard and J. C. Gariel, "The seismic response of two-dimensional sedimentary deposits with large vertical velocity gradients," Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 76, pp. 343-366, 1986.
  • [18] M. Rassem, A. Ghobarah, and A. C. Heidebrecht, "Engineering perspective for the seismic site response of alluvial valleys," Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 477-493, 1997. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9845(199704)26:4<477::AID-EQE659>3.0.CO;2-T
  • [19] M. Rassem, A. C. Heidebrecht, and A. Ghobarah, "A simple engineering model for the seismic site response of alluvial valleys," Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 199-210, 1995. doi:10.1016/0267-7261(94)00040-N
  • [20] B. Poursartip, A. Fathi, and L. F. Kallivokas, "Seismic wave amplification by topographic features: A parametric study," Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, vol. 92, pp. 503-527, 2017. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2016.10.031
  • [21] R. Derghoum and I. Derghoum, "Nonlinear finite element analysis for seismic site amplification assessment of urban slopes showing surface geology and topography irregularities," Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, vol. 166, p. 107729, 2023. doi:10.1016/j.soildyn.2022.107729
  • [22] Z. Zhang, J.-A. Fleurisson, and F. L. Pellet, "A case study of site effects on seismic ground motions at Xishan Park ridge in Zigong, Sichuan, China," Engineering Geology, vol. 243, pp. 308-319, 2018. doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2018.07.004
  • [23] J. Baron, I. Primofiore, P. Klin, G. Vessia, and G. Laurenzano, "Investigation of topographic site effects using 3D waveform modelling: amplification, polarization and torsional motions in the case study of Arquata del Tronto (Italy)," Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 677-710, 2022. doi:10.1007/s10518-021-01270-2
  • [24] T. A. Burkhart, D. M. Andrews, and C. E. Dunning, "Finite element modeling mesh quality, energy balance and validation methods: A review with recommendations associated with the modeling of bone tissue," Journal of Biomechanics, vol. 46, no. 9, pp. 1477-1488, 2013. doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2013.03.022
  • [25] C. A. Felippa, "Introduction to finite element methods," University of Colorado, vol. 885, 2004.
  • [26] A. Javidinejad, "FEA Practical Illustration of Mesh-Quality-Results Differences between Structured Mesh and Unstructured Mesh," ISRN Mechanical Engineering, vol. 2012, p. 168941, 2012. doi:10.5402/2012/168941
  • [27] A. Nemade and A. Shikalgar, "The Mesh Quality significance in Finite Element Analysis," IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 44-48, 2020.
  • [28] J. R. Rice, "The Aspect Ratio Significant for Finite Element Problems," Purdue University, Department of Computer Science Technical Reports. Paper 454. Rep No: 85-535, 1985.
  • [29] M. Hudson, I. M. Idriss, and M. Beikae, "User manual for Quad4m: A computer program to evaluate the seismic response of soil structures using Finite element procedures and incorporating a compliant base," University of California, California, User's Manual 1994.
  • [30] Ü. Dikmen, "Zeminlerde sismik dalga sönümünün kesirsel türev yaklaşımı ile modellenmesi," Doktora tezi, Jeofizik Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı, Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara, 2004.

Effect of Surface Topography on Soil Amplification

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 322 - 333, 31.08.2023

Ayhan Doğan Ünal Dikmen

Öz

Soil amplification is known as the increase in amplitudes of seismic waves as they pass through the soil layers. It depends on many factors such as seismic bedrock depth and slope, the thickness of its layers, physical and lithological properties, discontinuities, and topography. This study, the effect of surface topography on local soil amplification was investigated. A software called SiteEffect3D has been developed to examine soil behavior with the three-dimensional (3-D) finite element method. With this software, the effect of surface topography on local soil amplification was investigated using various 3D models. These models were exposed to the 17 August 1999 earthquake acceleration record and synthetic acceleration records, and the peak ground acceleration (PGA) graphs were obtained as a result of the dynamic analysis.
Dynamic analysis results show that PGA values change significantly when surface topography is used. PGA values are high on hills with few flat areas, and the slope of the hill also affects the result. There are also remarkable changes in the PGA results on the hills located in the regions where the flat areas are wider. However, the effect of the slope is relatively less on the hills in the wide plains.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Soil amplification Surface topography Earthquake Geophysics

Kaynakça

  • [1] K. Bashir, R. Debnath, and R. Saha, "Estimation of local site effects and seismic vulnerability using geotechnical dataset at flyover site Agartala India," Acta Geophysica, vol. 70, no. 3, pp. 1003-1036, 2022. doi:10.1007/s11600-022-00753-3
  • [2] A. Doğan, "Yer tepkisinin üç boyutlu sonlu eleman yöntemiyle belirlenmesi," Doktora Tezi, Jeofizik Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı, Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara, Türkiye, 2021.
  • [3] H. Mittal, Kamal, A. Kumar, and S. K. Singh, "Estimation of site effects in Delhi using standard spectral ratio," Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, vol. 50, pp. 53-61, 2013. doi:10.1016/j.soildyn.2013.03.004
  • [4] E. Şafak, "Local site effects and dynamic soil behavior," Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 453-458, 2001. doi:10.1016/S0267-7261(01)00021-5
  • [5] M. K. Koçkar and H. Akgün, "Evaluation of the site effects of the Ankara basin, Turkey," Journal of Applied Geophysics, vol. 83, pp. 120-134, 2012. doi:10.1016/j.jappgeo.2012.05.007.
  • [6] A. Boominathan, G. R. Dodagoudar, A. Suganthi, and R. Uma Maheswari, "Seismic hazard assessment of Chennai city considering local site effects," Journal of Earth System Science, vol. 117, no. 2, pp. 853-863, 2008. doi:10.1007/s12040-008-0072-4 [7] A. Kandilarov, K. Atakan, J. Havskov, and D. Gospodinov, "An investigation of the significance of local site effects in Plovdiv, Bulgaria," Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 181-198, 2009/02/01 2009. doi:10.1007/s10518-008-9091-4
  • [8] P. Moczo et al., "Key structural parameters affecting earthquake ground motion in 2D and 3D sedimentary structures," Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 2421-2450, 2018/06/01 2018. doi:10.1007/s10518-018-0345-5
  • [9] P. Pelekis, A. Batilas, E. Pefani, V. Vlachakis, and G. Athanasopoulos, "Surface topography and site stratigraphy effects on the seismic response of a slope in the Achaia-Ilia (Greece) 2008 Mw6. 4 earthquake," Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, vol. 100, pp. 538-554, 2017.
  • [10] M. E. Haşal, "Topoğrafik düzensizliklerin zemin büyütmesine etkisi," Doktora Tezi, İnşaat Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı Geoteknik Mühendisliği Programı, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2009.
  • [11] B. Ruan, K. Zhao, S.-Y. Wang, G.-X. Chen, and H.-Y. Wang, "Numerical modeling of seismic site effects in a shallow estuarine bay (Suai Bay, Shantou, China)," Engineering Geology, vol. 260, p. 105233, 2019. doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2019.105233
  • [12] A. Beliceli, "Eskişehir yerleşim yeri zemininin büyütme etkisinin makaslama dalga hızına (Vs) bağlı olarak belirlenmesi," Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı, Balıkesir Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2006.
  • [13] R. Jibson, "Summary of research on the effects of topographic amplification of earthquake shaking on slope stability," US Geological Survey, California, 1987.
  • [14] P. Y. Bard and M. Bouchon, "The seismic response of sediment-filled valleys. part 1: The case of incident SH waves," Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 70, pp. 1263-1286, 1980a.
  • [15] P. Y. Bard and M. Bouchon, "The seismic response of sediment-filled valleys. part 2: The case of incident P and SV waves," Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 70, pp. 1921-1941, 1980b.
  • [16] P. Y. Bard and M. Bouchon, "The two-dimensional resonance of sediment-filled valleys," Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 75, pp. 519-541, 1985, doi:10.1785/BSSA0750020519
  • [17] P. Y. Bard and J. C. Gariel, "The seismic response of two-dimensional sedimentary deposits with large vertical velocity gradients," Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 76, pp. 343-366, 1986.
  • [18] M. Rassem, A. Ghobarah, and A. C. Heidebrecht, "Engineering perspective for the seismic site response of alluvial valleys," Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 477-493, 1997. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9845(199704)26:4<477::AID-EQE659>3.0.CO;2-T
  • [19] M. Rassem, A. C. Heidebrecht, and A. Ghobarah, "A simple engineering model for the seismic site response of alluvial valleys," Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 199-210, 1995. doi:10.1016/0267-7261(94)00040-N
  • [20] B. Poursartip, A. Fathi, and L. F. Kallivokas, "Seismic wave amplification by topographic features: A parametric study," Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, vol. 92, pp. 503-527, 2017. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2016.10.031
  • [21] R. Derghoum and I. Derghoum, "Nonlinear finite element analysis for seismic site amplification assessment of urban slopes showing surface geology and topography irregularities," Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, vol. 166, p. 107729, 2023. doi:10.1016/j.soildyn.2022.107729
  • [22] Z. Zhang, J.-A. Fleurisson, and F. L. Pellet, "A case study of site effects on seismic ground motions at Xishan Park ridge in Zigong, Sichuan, China," Engineering Geology, vol. 243, pp. 308-319, 2018. doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2018.07.004
  • [23] J. Baron, I. Primofiore, P. Klin, G. Vessia, and G. Laurenzano, "Investigation of topographic site effects using 3D waveform modelling: amplification, polarization and torsional motions in the case study of Arquata del Tronto (Italy)," Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 677-710, 2022. doi:10.1007/s10518-021-01270-2
  • [24] T. A. Burkhart, D. M. Andrews, and C. E. Dunning, "Finite element modeling mesh quality, energy balance and validation methods: A review with recommendations associated with the modeling of bone tissue," Journal of Biomechanics, vol. 46, no. 9, pp. 1477-1488, 2013. doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2013.03.022
  • [25] C. A. Felippa, "Introduction to finite element methods," University of Colorado, vol. 885, 2004.
  • [26] A. Javidinejad, "FEA Practical Illustration of Mesh-Quality-Results Differences between Structured Mesh and Unstructured Mesh," ISRN Mechanical Engineering, vol. 2012, p. 168941, 2012. doi:10.5402/2012/168941
  • [27] A. Nemade and A. Shikalgar, "The Mesh Quality significance in Finite Element Analysis," IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 44-48, 2020.
  • [28] J. R. Rice, "The Aspect Ratio Significant for Finite Element Problems," Purdue University, Department of Computer Science Technical Reports. Paper 454. Rep No: 85-535, 1985.
  • [29] M. Hudson, I. M. Idriss, and M. Beikae, "User manual for Quad4m: A computer program to evaluate the seismic response of soil structures using Finite element procedures and incorporating a compliant base," University of California, California, User's Manual 1994.
  • [30] Ü. Dikmen, "Zeminlerde sismik dalga sönümünün kesirsel türev yaklaşımı ile modellenmesi," Doktora tezi, Jeofizik Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı, Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara, 2004.
Toplam 29 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular İnşaat Mühendisliği
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Ayhan Doğan 0000-0002-9872-8889

Ünal Dikmen 0000-0002-7603-4296

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ağustos 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 27 Mart 2023
Kabul Tarihi 15 Temmuz 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

IEEE A. Doğan ve Ü. Dikmen, “Yüzey Topoğrafyasının Zemin Büyütmesine Etkisi”, GMBD, c. 9, sy. 2, ss. 322–333, 2023.
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