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The Effect and Spread of Arminianism Against Calvinism in America

Year 2023, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 161 - 188, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.51490/oksident.1373988

Abstract

Within Protestant theology, Arminianism is a theological perception based on the views of Jacob Arminius (1559-1609), who lived in the Netherlands in the 16th century, and it opposes Calvinism’s theological propositions on fate, grace, human will, the atonement of Jesus, and the perseverance of believers. Arminianism, which started to find a place in England with the influence of Remonstrants, later moved to America with intense migrations. In America especially John Wesley and Methodists played an important role in the spread of Arminianism. Many Protestant denominations in America prefer the belief in destiny based on the emphasis of Arminianism on universal atonement and the will of man in salvation rather than the principles of Calvinism.
In this article, firstly, the life of Arminius will be presented, and then his objections to Calvin’s Reformed theology will be discussed. Later, the spread of Arminianism in America will be mentioned. At this point, John Wesley’s Arminianism will be discussed. Then the Protestant communities that are closer to the Arminian approach rather than Calvinism will be mentioned. By this study, Arminian Protestant theology in America will be explained although this theology is not completely based on the arguments of classical Arminianism. Thus, the origin and course of the theological debates between Calvinism and Arminianism that have continued until today in America will be revealed.

References

  • Abraham, Ottathengil E. The Place of Arminianism in Protestantism. Thesis in Partial Fulfillment for M.A., Portland: Portland State University, 1981.
  • “Arminius, Jacobus”. Ana Britannica. İstanbul, 1987, 2: 316.
  • Arminius, James. The Works of James Arminius, Vol.1. Çev. James Nichols, Auburn: Derby and Miller, 1853.
  • Arminius, James. The Works of James Arminius, Vol.2. Çev. James Nichols, Auburn: Derby and Miller, 1853.
  • Arminius, James. The Works of James Arminius, Vol.3. Çev. W.R. Bagnall, Auburn: Derby and Miller, 1853.
  • Balmer, Randall & Lauren F. Winner. Protestantism in America. New York: Columbia University Press, 2002.
  • Bangs, Carl. Arminius: A Study in the Dutch Reformation. 2.bs., Grand Rapids: Francis Asbury Press, 1985.
  • Bassett, Paul Merritt. “Arminianism”. The Encyclopedia of Protestantism, ed. Hans J. Hillerbrand, New York&Londra: Routledge, 2004, 1: 92-101.
  • Boer, William Den. God’s Twofold Love: The Theology of Jacob Arminius (1559-1609). Çev. Albert Gootjes, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck&Ruprecht, 2010.
  • Bouma, Clarence. “Calvinism in American Theology Today”. The Journal of Religion 27/1 (1947): 34-45.
  • Brandt, Caspar. The Life of James Arminius. Çev. John Guthrie, Londra & Glasgow: Ward, 1854.
  • Brian, Rustin E. Jacob Arminius: The Man from Oudewater. Oregon: Cascade Books, 2015.
  • Calder, Frederick. Memoirs of Simon Episcopius: The Celebrated Pupil of Arminius. Londra: Hayward and Moore, 1838.
  • Calvin, John. Kutsal Kitap Hristiyanlığı. Çev. Nur Nirven, İstanbul: Gerçeğe Doğru Kitapları, 2017.
  • Clarke, F. Stuart. “Arminius’s Understanding of Calvin”. Evangelical Quarterly 54 (1982): 25-35.
  • Corwin, E. T. & J. H. Dubbs & J. T. Hamilton. A History of the Reformed Church: Dutch the Reformed Church, German and the Moravian Church in the United States. New York: The Christian Literature, 1895.
  • Cowburn, John. Free Will, Predestination and Determinism. Wisconsin: Marquette University Press, 2008.
  • Deniz, Osman Murat. “John Calvin’in Teolojisi ve Özgünlüğü”. Akademik Bakış Dergisi 33 (2012): 1-16.
  • Ditchfield, G. M. The Evangelical Revival. Londra: UCL Press, 1998.
  • Drobner, Hubertus R. The Fathers of the Church: A Comprehensive Introduction. 2. bs., çev. Siegfried S. Schatzmann, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, 2008.
  • George, Timothy. Reformcuların Teolojileri. Çev. İbrahim Elbeyli, İstanbul: Haberci Basın Yayın, 2019.
  • Giussani, Luigi. American Protestant Theology: A Historical Sketch. Çev. Damian Bacich, Montreal&Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2013.
  • Gunter, W. Stephen. Arminius and His Declaration of Sentiments: An Annotated Translation with Introduction and Theological Commentary. Texas: Baylor University Press, 2012.
  • Gunter, W. Stephen. “The Loss of Arminius in Wesleyan-Arminian Theology”. Reconsidering Arminius: Beyond the Reformed and Wesleyan Divide, ed. Keith D. Stanglin & Mark G. Bilby & Mark H. Mann, Nashville: Kingswood Books, 2014, 71-90.
  • Harvey, Van A. A Handbook of Theological Terms: Their Meaning and Background Exposed in over 300 Articles. New York: Touchstone, 1992.
  • Hoenderdaal, G. J. “The Debate about Arminius Outside the Netherlands”. Leiden University in the Seventeenth Century: An Exchange of Learning, ed. Th. H. Lunsingh Scheurleer & G. H. M. Posthumus Meyjes, Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1975, 137-159.
  • Hoenderdaal, G. J. “The Life and Struggle of Arminius in the Dutch Republic”. Man’s Faith and Freedom: The Theological Influence of Jacobus Arminius, ed. Gerald McCulloh, Oregon: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2006, 11-26.
  • Israel, Jonathan I. Conflicts of Empires: Spain, the Low Countries and the Struggle for World Supremacy, 1585-1713. Londra & Rio Grande: The Hambledon Press, 1997.
  • Malkoç, Numan. Türkiye’de Protestanlık ve Protestan Kiliseleri. İstanbul: Yalın Yayıncılık, 2011.
  • McCulloh, Gerald O. “The Influence of Arminius on American Theology”. Man’s Faith and Freedom: The Theological Influence of Jacobus Arminius, ed. Gerald O. McCulloh, Oregon: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2006, 64-87.
  • Mead, Frank S. & Samuel S. Hill. Handbook of Denominations in the United States. 11. bs., Nashville: Abingdon Press, 2001.
  • Meeuwsen, James. “Original Arminianism and Methodistic Arminianism Compared”. Reformed Review 14/1 (1960): 21-36.
  • Nuttall, Geoffrey F. “The Influence of Arminianism in England”. Man’s Faith and Freedom: The Theological Influence of Jacobus Arminius, ed. Gerald O. McCulloh, Oregon: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2006, 46-63.
  • Olgun, Hakan. “John Calvin”. Doğudan Batıya Düşüncenin Serüveni: Antikçağ Yunan & Ortaçağ Düşüncesi, ed. Bayram Ali Çetinkaya & Celal Türer & Hakan Olgun, İstanbul: İnsan Yayınları, 2015, 2: 781-804.
  • Ollerton, Andrew J. The Crisis of Calvinism and Rise of Arminianism in Cromwellian England. Doktora Tezi, Leicester: University of Leicester, 2016.
  • Olson, Roger E. Arminian Theology: Myths and Realities. Illinois: Intervarsity Press, 2009.
  • Ostler, Blake T. “The Concept of Grace in Christian Thought”. Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 23/4 (1990): 13-43.
  • Patacı, Bilal. Pelagius ve Hristiyan Düşüncesindeki Yeri (IV. ve V. Yüzyıl). Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul: İstanbul Ü. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2014.
  • Peterson, Robert A. & Michael D. Williams. Why I am not an Arminian. Illinois: Intervarsity Press, 2004.
  • Picirilli, Robert E. Free Will Revisited: A Respectful Response to Luther, Calvin, and Edwards. Oregon: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2017.
  • Pinson, J. Matthew (ed.). Four Views on Eternal Security. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2002.
  • Polat, Bayram. Evanjelik Bir Hareket: Metodist Kilisesi. İstanbul: IQ Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık, 2008.
  • Rhodes, Ron. The Complete Guide to Christian Denominations: Understanding the History, Beliefs, and Differences. Oregon: Harvest House Publishers, 2005.
  • Shipley, David Clark. Methodist Arminianism in the Theology of John Fletcher. Doktora Tezi, New Haven: Yale University, 1947.
  • Slaatte, Howard A. The Arminian Arm of Theology: The Theologies of John Fletcher, First Methodist Theologian, and His Precursor, James Arminius. Washington, D.C.: University Press of America, 1977.
  • Sproul, R. C. Bilinmeyen Lütuf (Grace Unknown), Reform Teolojisinin Kalbi. Çev. Hande Taylan, İstanbul: Kaya Basım, 1999.
  • Stanglin, Keith D. Arminius on the Assurance of Salvation: The Context, Roots, and Shape of the Leiden Debate, 1603-1609. Leiden & Boston: Brill, 2007.
  • Stanglin, Keith D. & Thomas H. McCall. Jacob Arminius: Theologian of Grace. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.
  • Stanglin, Keith D. & Mark G. Bilby & Mark H. Mann (ed.). Reconsidering Arminius, Beyond the Reformed and Wesleyan Divide. Nashville: Kingswood Books, 2014.
  • Sutton, Jerry. “Another Look at James Arminius and the Dutch Reformation”. Midwestern Journal of Theology 10/2 (2011): 103-134.
  • Thuesen, Peter J. Predestination: The American Career of a Contentious Doctrine. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.
  • Van Holk, Lambertus Jacobus. “From Arminius to Arminianism in Dutch Theology”. Man’s Faith and Freedom: The Theological Influence of Jacobus Arminius, ed. Gerald O. McCulloh, Oregon: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2006, 27-45.
  • Vickers, Jason E. “Wesley’s Theological Emphases”. The Cambridge Companion to John Wesley, ed. Randy L. Maddox & Jason E. Vickers, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010, 190-206.

Amerika'da Kalvinciliğe Karşı Arminciliğin Etkisi ve Yayılışı

Year 2023, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 161 - 188, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.51490/oksident.1373988

Abstract

Protestan teoloji içerisinde Armincilik, 16. yüzyılda Hollanda’da yaşamış olan Jacob Arminius’un (1559-1609) teolojik görüşlerine dayanan ve Kalvinciliğin kader, lütuf, insan iradesi, İsa’nın kefareti, inananların korunmuşluğu konularındaki teolojik önermelerine karşı çıkan bir anlayıştır. Arminius’tan sonra onun takipçileri olan Remonstrantların etkisiyle İngiltere’de yer bulmaya başlayan Armincilik, yoğun göçlerle birlikte Amerika’ya da taşınmıştır. Özellikle John Wesley ve Metodistler Arminciliğin yayılmasında önemli bir rol üstlenmişlerdir. Amerika’da ortaya çıkmış olan birçok Protestan cemaat, Kalvinciliğin ilkelerinden çok Arminciliğin evrensel kefarete ve insanın kurtuluştaki iradesine vurguya dayanan kader inancını tercih etmiştir.
Bu makalede, öncelikle Arminius’un hayatından bahsedilecek, sonra onun Calvin’in Reform teolojisine olan itirazları ele alınacaktır. Daha sonra Arminciliğin Amerika’da yayılışından bahsedilecek, bu noktada John Wesley’in Arminciliği ele alındıktan sonra kader, kefaret, lütuf, irade konularında Kalvincilik yerine Arminciliğe yakın olan Protestan cemaatlerden bahsedilecektir. Böylelikle klasik Arminciliğin argümanlarına tamamen dayanmasa da Amerika’da Arminci olarak nitelenen Protestan teoloji ortaya konmuş olacak ve Amerika’da Kalvincilik ile Armincilik arasında günümüzde de devam eden teolojik tartışmaların kökeni ve seyri ortaya konmuş olacaktır.

References

  • Abraham, Ottathengil E. The Place of Arminianism in Protestantism. Thesis in Partial Fulfillment for M.A., Portland: Portland State University, 1981.
  • “Arminius, Jacobus”. Ana Britannica. İstanbul, 1987, 2: 316.
  • Arminius, James. The Works of James Arminius, Vol.1. Çev. James Nichols, Auburn: Derby and Miller, 1853.
  • Arminius, James. The Works of James Arminius, Vol.2. Çev. James Nichols, Auburn: Derby and Miller, 1853.
  • Arminius, James. The Works of James Arminius, Vol.3. Çev. W.R. Bagnall, Auburn: Derby and Miller, 1853.
  • Balmer, Randall & Lauren F. Winner. Protestantism in America. New York: Columbia University Press, 2002.
  • Bangs, Carl. Arminius: A Study in the Dutch Reformation. 2.bs., Grand Rapids: Francis Asbury Press, 1985.
  • Bassett, Paul Merritt. “Arminianism”. The Encyclopedia of Protestantism, ed. Hans J. Hillerbrand, New York&Londra: Routledge, 2004, 1: 92-101.
  • Boer, William Den. God’s Twofold Love: The Theology of Jacob Arminius (1559-1609). Çev. Albert Gootjes, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck&Ruprecht, 2010.
  • Bouma, Clarence. “Calvinism in American Theology Today”. The Journal of Religion 27/1 (1947): 34-45.
  • Brandt, Caspar. The Life of James Arminius. Çev. John Guthrie, Londra & Glasgow: Ward, 1854.
  • Brian, Rustin E. Jacob Arminius: The Man from Oudewater. Oregon: Cascade Books, 2015.
  • Calder, Frederick. Memoirs of Simon Episcopius: The Celebrated Pupil of Arminius. Londra: Hayward and Moore, 1838.
  • Calvin, John. Kutsal Kitap Hristiyanlığı. Çev. Nur Nirven, İstanbul: Gerçeğe Doğru Kitapları, 2017.
  • Clarke, F. Stuart. “Arminius’s Understanding of Calvin”. Evangelical Quarterly 54 (1982): 25-35.
  • Corwin, E. T. & J. H. Dubbs & J. T. Hamilton. A History of the Reformed Church: Dutch the Reformed Church, German and the Moravian Church in the United States. New York: The Christian Literature, 1895.
  • Cowburn, John. Free Will, Predestination and Determinism. Wisconsin: Marquette University Press, 2008.
  • Deniz, Osman Murat. “John Calvin’in Teolojisi ve Özgünlüğü”. Akademik Bakış Dergisi 33 (2012): 1-16.
  • Ditchfield, G. M. The Evangelical Revival. Londra: UCL Press, 1998.
  • Drobner, Hubertus R. The Fathers of the Church: A Comprehensive Introduction. 2. bs., çev. Siegfried S. Schatzmann, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, 2008.
  • George, Timothy. Reformcuların Teolojileri. Çev. İbrahim Elbeyli, İstanbul: Haberci Basın Yayın, 2019.
  • Giussani, Luigi. American Protestant Theology: A Historical Sketch. Çev. Damian Bacich, Montreal&Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2013.
  • Gunter, W. Stephen. Arminius and His Declaration of Sentiments: An Annotated Translation with Introduction and Theological Commentary. Texas: Baylor University Press, 2012.
  • Gunter, W. Stephen. “The Loss of Arminius in Wesleyan-Arminian Theology”. Reconsidering Arminius: Beyond the Reformed and Wesleyan Divide, ed. Keith D. Stanglin & Mark G. Bilby & Mark H. Mann, Nashville: Kingswood Books, 2014, 71-90.
  • Harvey, Van A. A Handbook of Theological Terms: Their Meaning and Background Exposed in over 300 Articles. New York: Touchstone, 1992.
  • Hoenderdaal, G. J. “The Debate about Arminius Outside the Netherlands”. Leiden University in the Seventeenth Century: An Exchange of Learning, ed. Th. H. Lunsingh Scheurleer & G. H. M. Posthumus Meyjes, Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1975, 137-159.
  • Hoenderdaal, G. J. “The Life and Struggle of Arminius in the Dutch Republic”. Man’s Faith and Freedom: The Theological Influence of Jacobus Arminius, ed. Gerald McCulloh, Oregon: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2006, 11-26.
  • Israel, Jonathan I. Conflicts of Empires: Spain, the Low Countries and the Struggle for World Supremacy, 1585-1713. Londra & Rio Grande: The Hambledon Press, 1997.
  • Malkoç, Numan. Türkiye’de Protestanlık ve Protestan Kiliseleri. İstanbul: Yalın Yayıncılık, 2011.
  • McCulloh, Gerald O. “The Influence of Arminius on American Theology”. Man’s Faith and Freedom: The Theological Influence of Jacobus Arminius, ed. Gerald O. McCulloh, Oregon: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2006, 64-87.
  • Mead, Frank S. & Samuel S. Hill. Handbook of Denominations in the United States. 11. bs., Nashville: Abingdon Press, 2001.
  • Meeuwsen, James. “Original Arminianism and Methodistic Arminianism Compared”. Reformed Review 14/1 (1960): 21-36.
  • Nuttall, Geoffrey F. “The Influence of Arminianism in England”. Man’s Faith and Freedom: The Theological Influence of Jacobus Arminius, ed. Gerald O. McCulloh, Oregon: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2006, 46-63.
  • Olgun, Hakan. “John Calvin”. Doğudan Batıya Düşüncenin Serüveni: Antikçağ Yunan & Ortaçağ Düşüncesi, ed. Bayram Ali Çetinkaya & Celal Türer & Hakan Olgun, İstanbul: İnsan Yayınları, 2015, 2: 781-804.
  • Ollerton, Andrew J. The Crisis of Calvinism and Rise of Arminianism in Cromwellian England. Doktora Tezi, Leicester: University of Leicester, 2016.
  • Olson, Roger E. Arminian Theology: Myths and Realities. Illinois: Intervarsity Press, 2009.
  • Ostler, Blake T. “The Concept of Grace in Christian Thought”. Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 23/4 (1990): 13-43.
  • Patacı, Bilal. Pelagius ve Hristiyan Düşüncesindeki Yeri (IV. ve V. Yüzyıl). Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul: İstanbul Ü. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2014.
  • Peterson, Robert A. & Michael D. Williams. Why I am not an Arminian. Illinois: Intervarsity Press, 2004.
  • Picirilli, Robert E. Free Will Revisited: A Respectful Response to Luther, Calvin, and Edwards. Oregon: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2017.
  • Pinson, J. Matthew (ed.). Four Views on Eternal Security. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2002.
  • Polat, Bayram. Evanjelik Bir Hareket: Metodist Kilisesi. İstanbul: IQ Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık, 2008.
  • Rhodes, Ron. The Complete Guide to Christian Denominations: Understanding the History, Beliefs, and Differences. Oregon: Harvest House Publishers, 2005.
  • Shipley, David Clark. Methodist Arminianism in the Theology of John Fletcher. Doktora Tezi, New Haven: Yale University, 1947.
  • Slaatte, Howard A. The Arminian Arm of Theology: The Theologies of John Fletcher, First Methodist Theologian, and His Precursor, James Arminius. Washington, D.C.: University Press of America, 1977.
  • Sproul, R. C. Bilinmeyen Lütuf (Grace Unknown), Reform Teolojisinin Kalbi. Çev. Hande Taylan, İstanbul: Kaya Basım, 1999.
  • Stanglin, Keith D. Arminius on the Assurance of Salvation: The Context, Roots, and Shape of the Leiden Debate, 1603-1609. Leiden & Boston: Brill, 2007.
  • Stanglin, Keith D. & Thomas H. McCall. Jacob Arminius: Theologian of Grace. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.
  • Stanglin, Keith D. & Mark G. Bilby & Mark H. Mann (ed.). Reconsidering Arminius, Beyond the Reformed and Wesleyan Divide. Nashville: Kingswood Books, 2014.
  • Sutton, Jerry. “Another Look at James Arminius and the Dutch Reformation”. Midwestern Journal of Theology 10/2 (2011): 103-134.
  • Thuesen, Peter J. Predestination: The American Career of a Contentious Doctrine. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.
  • Van Holk, Lambertus Jacobus. “From Arminius to Arminianism in Dutch Theology”. Man’s Faith and Freedom: The Theological Influence of Jacobus Arminius, ed. Gerald O. McCulloh, Oregon: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2006, 27-45.
  • Vickers, Jason E. “Wesley’s Theological Emphases”. The Cambridge Companion to John Wesley, ed. Randy L. Maddox & Jason E. Vickers, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010, 190-206.
There are 53 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects History of Religion, Christian Studies
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Harun Ceylan 0000-0002-9802-7476

Publication Date December 31, 2023
Submission Date October 11, 2023
Acceptance Date November 24, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 5 Issue: 2

Cite

ISNAD Ceylan, Harun. “Amerika’da Kalvinciliğe Karşı Arminciliğin Etkisi Ve Yayılışı”. Oksident 5/2 (December 2023), 161-188. https://doi.org/10.51490/oksident.1373988.