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EVOLUTION OF GEOMETRIC PATTERNS IN ISLAMIC WORLD AND A CASE ON THE JALIS OF THE NAULAKHA PAVILION IN THE LAHORE FORT

Year 2018, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 83 - 97, 29.06.2018

Abstract

The
geometric patterns in the Islamic World have evolved with the time, the empire
and the region. These patterns not only show the aesthetics of the craftsmen,
but the extraordinary skills and understanding of geometry in Islam as well.
This paper examines the Islamic geometric patterns evolution through different
dynasties and explores its significance in the Mughal Architecture, since they
have one of the major architectural elements known as jali or screen. This
research is based on the findings from the existing geometrical patterns from
the Islamic World in general and focuses on a few major empires and their
contribution in the development of these patterns. In this study, one of the
milestones of buildings in Islamic dynasties was selected and the pattern
tessellations belong to the particular building is reproduced.  It is assumed that selected building
represents all characteristics of that period. Mapping the evolution of the
geometric patterns gives us the understanding of the influences each empire had
on the art and architectural practices of the ones that came later. Examined as
a case, The Jalis of the Naulakha Pavillion in The Lahore Fort, shows that how
a basic hexagonal pattern is used in different layouts. The skill and precision
with which the screens are carved out of marble and the perfect tessellation is
a classic example of the use of Islamic Geometric Pattern in architectural
ornamentation and functional elements. Despite the diversity of each region,
all the empires focused on glorifying the religious buildings, tombs, shrines
and the royal palaces. By selecting each empires architectural marvel, which
represents the glory of that era and their craftsmanship, their patterns are
studied and drawn in order to simplify the basic pattern and understand its
relation and inspiration from the former empires. The complexity of the grid
and the simplicity of the patterns are highlighted and understood in these
examples. 

References

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  • Reference 2 Abouseif, D. The Al-Azhar Mosque. Islamic Art and Architecture. Retrieved from: http://islamic-arts.org/2011/the-al-azhar-mosque-970/, 2012.
  • Reference 3 Anwar, S. Mughal Empire: Contribution in Arts and Architecture. Jagran Josh. Retrieved form: http://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/mughal-empirecontribution-in-arts-and-architecture-1445428057-1, 2015.
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  • Reference 8 Krishan , A. Climate Responsive Architecture: A Design Handbook for Energy Efficient Buildings. Tata McGraw-Hill Pub.co, 2001.
  • Reference 9 Bhagwati, S. Jaali, Matraprojects. Retrieved from: http://matralab.hexagram.ca/projects/jaali/, 2016.
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  • Reference 25 McMillan-Reeves, M. Digital Sacred Geometry, C-Side Media: Works. Retrieved form: http://csidemedia.com/works/digital-sacred-geometry/, 2010.
  • Reference 26 Mortel, R. Kairouan, Great Mosque. Retrieved from: https://www.flickr.com/photos/43714545@N06/7771461320/in/photolist-cQJLGq, 2012.
  • Reference 27 Oweis. F. S, Islamic art as an educational tool about the teachings of Islam, Art Education Magazine, Retrieved from: https://learningthroughmuseums.wikispaces.com/file/view/ART+ED+JOURNAL+TEACH.pdf , 2002.
  • Reference 28 Polyglottando, Focus on Indian Architecture: jali screens. Retrieved from: https://polyglottando.wordpress.com/2015/03/02/focus-on-indian-architecture-jali-screens/ Richards, John F. (1995), The Mughal Empire, Cambridge University Press, 2015
  • Reference 29 Shah, A, Historical Places in the World, Retrieved from: http://historicalplaces-pakistan.blogspot.com/2011/, 2011.
  • Reference 30 The Naulakha Pavilion, Islamic Arts and Architecture. Retrieved from: http://islamic-arts.org/2014/the-naulakha-pavilion/, 2014.
  • Reference 31 Vimercat, A. Ottoman Architecture. Retrieved from: http://www.studio-basel.com/projects/beirut/damascus/atlas/ottoman-architecture.html
  • Reference 32 Yalman, S, The Art of the Ottomans before 1600, In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/otto1/hd_otto1.htm (October 2002), 2000.
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Year 2018, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 83 - 97, 29.06.2018

Abstract

References

  • Reference 1 Abdullah. Y and Embi. M. R, Evolution of Islamic Geometric Patterns, GJAT. Vol 2. Retrieved from: www.gjat.my, 2012
  • Reference 2 Abouseif, D. The Al-Azhar Mosque. Islamic Art and Architecture. Retrieved from: http://islamic-arts.org/2011/the-al-azhar-mosque-970/, 2012.
  • Reference 3 Anwar, S. Mughal Empire: Contribution in Arts and Architecture. Jagran Josh. Retrieved form: http://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/mughal-empirecontribution-in-arts-and-architecture-1445428057-1, 2015.
  • Reference 4 Blair, S. Islamic Architecture-Abbasid Period. Islamic Arts and Architecture, Retrieved from: http://islamic-arts.org/2011/architecture-of-the-abbasids-iraq-iran-and-egypt/, 2011.
  • Reference 5 Bloom, J. Mamluk Art and Architecture History. Middle East Documentation Center. The University of Chicago. Retrieved from: http://mamluk.uchicago.edu/MamlukStudiesReview_III_1999.pdf, 1999.
  • Reference 6 Broug, E. Islamic Geometric Patterns, Thames & Hudson, 2008. Reference 7 Carr. K. E. Islamic Architecture, History of Islamic architecture. Retrieved from: http://quatr.us/islam/architecture/, 2012.
  • Reference 8 Krishan , A. Climate Responsive Architecture: A Design Handbook for Energy Efficient Buildings. Tata McGraw-Hill Pub.co, 2001.
  • Reference 9 Bhagwati, S. Jaali, Matraprojects. Retrieved from: http://matralab.hexagram.ca/projects/jaali/, 2016.
  • Reference 10 Dunn, J. Ibn Tulun in Cairo. Retrieved from: http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/itulun.htm
  • Reference 11 Colette, A, The Great Mosque of Kairoun. Khan Academy. Retrieved from: https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-islam/islamic-art-early/a/the-great-mosque-of-kairouan, 2015.
  • Reference 12 Dalal, R, The Great Mosque of Isfahan, The Khan Academy, Retrieved form: https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-art-history/west-and-central-asia/a/the-great-mosque-or-masjid-e-jameh-of-isfahan, 2014.
  • Reference 13 Gunbad-i-Kharaqqan. Archnet, Retrieved from: https://archnet.org/sites/3866, 2012.
  • Reference 14 Henry, R. Pattern, Cognition and contemplation: Exploring the geometric art of Iran. Retrieved form: http://artofislamicpattern.com/resources/iranian-art/, 2007.
  • Reference 15 Henry. R, n.d. Geometry- The Language of Symmetry in Islamic Art. The Art of Islamic Pattern, Introduction to Geometry. Retrieved from: http://artofislamicpattern.com, 2009.
  • Reference 16 Herdeg, K, Formal Structure in Islamic Architecture of Iran and Turkistan, New York: Rizzoli International Publications, 1990.
  • Reference 17 Historical/Cultural advisory group, Baghdad-Abbasid Palace. Retrieved from: https://www.cemml.colostate.edu/cultural/09476/iraq05-008.html
  • Reference 18 Iznik and Ottoman ceramics, Islamic Art and Architecture. Retrieved from: http://islamic-arts.org/2011/iznik-and-ottoman-ceramics/, 2011.
  • Reference 19 Jawad A, Madrasa Al-Mustansiriya, Iraq Heritage. Retrieved from: http://iraqheritage.org/iraq-heritage.php, 2013.
  • Reference 20 Lakshmi G Kamath, Srinivas Daketi. Jaalis: A study on aesthetics and functional aspects in built environment. International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Applied Science (IJSEAS) – Volume-2, Issue-2, February 2016 ISSN: 2395-3470 www.ijseas.com
  • Reference 21 Madrasa Wa Qubbat wa Bimaristan al- Sulatan Qalawun, n.d. retrieved from: https://archnet.org/sites/1551
  • Reference 22 Markcareaga, Naulakha Pavilion. Retrieved from: http://markcareaga.tumblr.com/post/47434408059/naulakha-pavillion-sheesh-mahal-court-lahore, 2004
  • Reference 23 Masjid-i-Jamis: The Friday Mosque of Isfahan. Muslim Heritage. FTSC Limited. Retrieved from: http://www.muslimheritage.com/article/masjid-i-jamis-friday-mosque-isfahan
  • Reference 24 Mazot, S. Archiitecture of the Fatimid, Islamic Art and Architecture, Retrieved form: http://islamic-arts.org/2012/architecture-of-the-fatimid/#top, 2012.
  • Reference 25 McMillan-Reeves, M. Digital Sacred Geometry, C-Side Media: Works. Retrieved form: http://csidemedia.com/works/digital-sacred-geometry/, 2010.
  • Reference 26 Mortel, R. Kairouan, Great Mosque. Retrieved from: https://www.flickr.com/photos/43714545@N06/7771461320/in/photolist-cQJLGq, 2012.
  • Reference 27 Oweis. F. S, Islamic art as an educational tool about the teachings of Islam, Art Education Magazine, Retrieved from: https://learningthroughmuseums.wikispaces.com/file/view/ART+ED+JOURNAL+TEACH.pdf , 2002.
  • Reference 28 Polyglottando, Focus on Indian Architecture: jali screens. Retrieved from: https://polyglottando.wordpress.com/2015/03/02/focus-on-indian-architecture-jali-screens/ Richards, John F. (1995), The Mughal Empire, Cambridge University Press, 2015
  • Reference 29 Shah, A, Historical Places in the World, Retrieved from: http://historicalplaces-pakistan.blogspot.com/2011/, 2011.
  • Reference 30 The Naulakha Pavilion, Islamic Arts and Architecture. Retrieved from: http://islamic-arts.org/2014/the-naulakha-pavilion/, 2014.
  • Reference 31 Vimercat, A. Ottoman Architecture. Retrieved from: http://www.studio-basel.com/projects/beirut/damascus/atlas/ottoman-architecture.html
  • Reference 32 Yalman, S, The Art of the Ottomans before 1600, In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/otto1/hd_otto1.htm (October 2002), 2000.
  • Reference 33 Zeresk, Kharraqan Towers. Retrieved from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharraqan_towers#/media/File:Kharaghan.jpg, 2008
There are 32 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Architecture
Journal Section Architecture
Authors

Mahina Rekı

Semra Arslan Selçuk

Publication Date June 29, 2018
Submission Date April 12, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 6 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Rekı, M., & Arslan Selçuk, S. (2018). EVOLUTION OF GEOMETRIC PATTERNS IN ISLAMIC WORLD AND A CASE ON THE JALIS OF THE NAULAKHA PAVILION IN THE LAHORE FORT. Gazi University Journal of Science Part B: Art Humanities Design and Planning, 6(2), 83-97.