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ENERGY EFFICIENT DESIGN WITH ADAPTABLE FACADES

Year 2023, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 1 - 18, 31.12.2023

Mehmet Esgil Ruşen Yamaçlı

https://doi.org/10.58317/eksen.1289803

Abstract

Buildings account for a significant portion of global energy consumption. Both economic and environmental problems caused by energy consumption in buildings increase the importance of energy efficient design every day. The energy consumed in buildings is primarily used to provide user comfort by keeping the indoor-outdoor relationship in balance against the change in climate conditions. For this reason, the role of building facades which are the first point of contact with the external environment has an essential role in energy efficiency. As a solution with the developing technology, adaptive facades that can modify their functions according to certain parameters through materials, systems and components have been developed. This study aims to determine to what extent adaptive facades contribute to energy efficient design. In this regard, first of all, the importance of façades in terms of energy efficiency is emphasized and their relationship with other components of the building is examined. Then certain parameters are identified for energy efficient facade design, highlighting that adaptive facades are the most effective solution to meet these parameters. After defining adaptive facades and distinguishing them from traditional facades, their importance and features, they are divided into two categories as passive and active adaptive facades based on their responses to changing environmental conditions. Afterwards, six examples with adaptive facades are examined and evaluated based on their design approaches, compliance with the identified energy efficient facade design parameters, and the passive-active adaptive facade type they have. As a result, it is determined that adaptive facades contribute significantly to energy efficiency with their responses to energy efficient facade design parameters. In addition, adaptive facades, in which passive and active facade systems are used in an integrated manner, are proposed as the most ideal solution in terms of energy efficiency.

Keywords

Adaptive facade Energy efficiency Architectural design Active facade Passive facade

References

  • Aelenei, D., Aelenei, L. ve Vieira, C. P. (2016). Adaptive façade: Concept, applications, research questions. Energy Procedia, 91, 269-275.
  • Archdaily (2013). Kfw Westarkade / Sauerbruch Hutton. Web adresinden 11 Nisan 2023 tarihinde erişildi: https://www.archdaily.com/316143/kfw-westarkade-sauerbruch-hutton
  • Archdaily (2015). SDU Campus Kolding / Henning Larsen. Web adresinden 17 Haziran 2023 tarihinde erişildi: https://www.archdaily.com/590576/sdu-campus-kolding-henning-larsen-architects
  • Archdaily (2017). SCI Arc / Habitat for Humanity Los Angeles + Darin Johnstone. Web adresinden 17 Haziran 2023 tarihinde erişildi: https://www.archdaily.com/874907/ivrv-sci-arc-plus-darin-johnstone-architects
  • Architizer (2012). Watercube – National Swimming Centre [Fotoğraf]. Web adresinden 27 Nisan 2023 tarihinde erişildi: https://architizer.com/projects/watercube-national-swimming-centre/
  • ARUP (b.t.). A form inspired by the natural formation of soap bubbles. Web adresinden 10 Nisan 2023 tarihinde erişildi: https://www.arup.com/projects/chinese-national-aquatics-center
  • Attia, S., Lioure, R. ve Declaude, Q. (2020). Future trends and main concepts of adaptive facade systems. Energy Science & Engineering, 8(9), 3255-3272.
  • Bitter, J. (2010). Sauerbruch Hutton KfW Westarkade, Frankfurt, 2010 [Fotoğraf]. Web adresinden 27 Nisan 2023 tarihinde erişildi: https://www.janbitter.de/sauerbruch-hutton/
  • Brake, A. G. (2015) Henning Larsen's university building has a facade that moves in response to changing heat and light. Web adresinden 17 Haziran 2023 tarihinde erişildi: https://www.dezeen.com/2015/07/14/henning-larsen-syddansk-universitet-sdu-kolding-campus-building-denmark-green-standards-university/
  • Bui, D. K., Nguyen, T. N., Ghazlan, A., Ngo, N. T. ve Ngo, T. D. (2020). Enhancing building energy efficiency by adaptive façade: a computational optimization approach. Applied Energy, 265, 114797.
  • Cottee, J. (2020). Cube Berlin – A kaleidoscopic reflection of Berlin’s cityscape. Web adresinden 11 Nisan 2023 tarihinde erişildi: https://designwanted.com/cube-berlin-3xn/
  • GlassonWeb (2019). Cube Berlin: Double skin façade that meets complex aesthetic and technical performance requirements. Web adresinden 11 Nisan 2023 tarihinde erişildi: https://www.glassonweb.com/news/cube-berlin-double-skin-facade-meets-complex-aesthetic-and-technical-performance-requirements
  • Habibi, S., Valladares, O. P., ve Peña, D. M. (2022). Sustainability performance by ten representative intelligent façade technologies: a systematic review. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 52, 102001.
  • Halawa, E., Ghaffarianhoseini, A., Ghaffarianhoseini, A., Trombley, J., Hassan, N., Baig, M., Yusoff, S.Y. ve Ismail, M. A. (2018). A review on energy conscious designs of building façades in hot and humid climates: Lessons for (and from) Kuala Lumpur and Darwin. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 82, 2147-2161.
  • Inhabit (b.t.) Brisbane Airport Domestic Terminal Carpark. Web adresinden 16 Haziran 2023 tarihinde erişildi: https://inhabitgroup.com/project/brisbane-airport-domestic-terminal-carpark-brisbane-australia/
  • Jahed, N. (2018). Performance based façades: Retrofit strategies for energy efficiency and comfort in existing office buildings. (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Karadağ, İ. ve Çakmaklı, A. B. (2020). Interface of the Natural Ventilation Systems with Building Management Systems. Periodica Polytechnica Architecture, 51(2), 178-188.
  • Kocaağa, M. ve Özcan, U. (2022). Variables affecting the performance of facade systems in architecture. Çavuş, V. & Bardak, S. (Eds.) Research & Reviews in Engineering içinde (ss.97-133). Ankara: Gece Kitaplığı.
  • Konstantinou, T. ve Hoces, A. P. (2018). Environmental design principles for the building envelope and more: Passive and active measures. Konstantinou, T., Cukovic, N., ve Zbasnik M. (Eds.), Energy-Resources and Building Performance içinde (ss.147-180). Delft: TU Delft Open.
  • Korniyenko, S. (2021). Progressive trend in adaptive façade system technology. AlfaBuild, 19(4), 18-35.
  • Li, Y., Zhao, Y., Chi, Y., Hong, Y. ve Yin, J. (2021). Shape-morphing materials and structures for energy-efficient building envelopes. Materials Today Energy, 22, 100874.
  • Mar (2020). Cube Berlin Architecture Cityscape. Web adresinden 11 Nisan 2023 tarihinde erişildi: https://designstudio-mag.com/cube-berlin-architecture-cityscape-design-studio-mag-powered-by-furrina/
  • Mazzucchelli, E. S., Aelenei, L. E., Gomes, M. D. G., Karlessi, T., Alston, M. ve Aelenei, D. (2018). Passive adaptive façades: Examples from COST TU1403 working group 1. Luible, A. ve Gosztonyi, S. (Eds.), Facade 2018-Adaptive: Adaptive Facades Network Final Conference içinde (ss. 63-72). Lucerne: TU Delft Open.
  • McKnight, J. (2016). SCI-Arc students build affordable home in low-income Los Angeles neighbourhood. Web adresinden 17 Haziran 2023 tarihinde erişildi: https://www.dezeen.com/2016/06/22/sci-arc-students-habitat-for-humanity-residential-architecture-low-income-los-angeles-neighbourhood-california-usa/
  • Mørk, A. (2020). 3XN unveils cube-shaped office block in central Berlin[Fotoğraf]. Web adresinden 11 Nisan 2023 tarihinde erişildi: https://www.dezeen.com/2020/09/03/berlin-cube-office-block-3xn-washingtonplatz/
  • Orhon, A. V. (2016). Adaptive building shells. Efe, R., Matchavariani, L., Yaldır, A., Lévai, L. (Eds) Developments in Science and Engineering içinde (ss.555-567). Sofia: St. Kliment Ohridski University Press.
  • Pieczara, J. (2017). Natural ventilation and energy efficiency in non-domestic buildings. Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich, (III/1), 935-947.
  • Ravenscroft, T.(2020). 3XN unveils cube-shaped office block in central Berlin. Web adresinden 11 Nisan 2023 tarihinde erişildi: https://www.dezeen.com/2020/09/03/berlin-cube-office-block-3xn-washingtonplatz/
  • Richardson, A. (2009). ETFE: Why this building material is gaining popularity. Web adresinden 10 Nisan 2023 tarihinde erişildi: https://www.architen.com/articles/etfe-the-new-fabric-roof/
  • Saflex (2020). Cube Berlin. Web adresinden 16 Haziran 2023 tarihinde erişildi: https://www.saflex.com/gallery/cube-berlin
  • Sarıcıoğlu, P. ve Ayçam, İ. (2018). Değişim ve dönüşümün cephelere yansıması: Kinetik cephelerin sürdürülebilirlik aç̧ısından potansiyelinin incelenmesi. ISUEP2018 Uluslararası Kentleşme ve Çevre Sorunları Sempozyumu: Değişim/Dönüşüm/Özgünlük, 28-30 Haziran 2018 içinde (ss. 368-378). Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi.
  • Sauerbruch, M. (2011). Sustainable architecture. Detail Green English, 1, 26-31.
  • Schubert, M. ve Lindhe J., (b.t.). SDU Campus Kolding / Henning Larsen. Web adresinden 17 Haziran 2023 tarihinde erişildi: https://www.archdaily.com/590576/sdu-campus-kolding-henning-larsen-architects
  • Soudian, S. ve Berardi, U. (2021). Development of a performance-based design framework for multifunctional climate-responsive façades. Energy and Buildings, 231, 110589.
  • Suner, A. (2011). Adaptive architecture. Çevresel Etkenlere Göre Değişebilen Mimari, Mayıs-Haziran, 85-86.
  • Tabadkani, A., Roetzel, A., Li, H. X. ve Tsangrassoulis, A. (2021). Design approaches and typologies of adaptive facades: A review. Automation in Construction, 121, 103450.
  • Voigt, M. P., Chwalek, K., Roth, D., Kreimeyer, M. ve Blandini, L. (2023). The integrated design process of adaptive façades: a comprehensive perspective. Journal of Building Engineering, 67, 106043.
  • White, J. (2016). SCI-Arc and Habitat for Humanity of Greater Los Angeles Complete Innovative, Sustainable and Affordable Home for Local Veteran and Family. Web adresinden 17 Haziran 2023 tarihinde erişildi: https://www.sciarc.edu/news/2016/sci-arc-habitat-for-humanity-la-home-completed
  • Yaman, B. ve Arpacıoğlu, Ü. (2021). Dinamik kontrollü uyarlanabilir cephe ve gölgeleme sistemleri. Journal of Architectural Sciences and Applications, 6(1), 153-164.
  • Yaman, M. (2021). Different facade types and building integration in energy efficient building design strategies. International Journal of Built Environment and Sustainability, 8(2), 49-61.
  • Zou, P. X. ve Leslie-Carter, R. (2010). Lessons learned from managing the design of the ‘Water Cube’ National Swimming Centre for the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 6(3), 175-188.
  • UAP (2012) Turbulent Line, Brisbane, Australia. Web adresinden 16 Haziran 2023 tarihinde erişildi: https://www.uapcompany.com/projects/turbulent-line#gallery

UYARLANABİLİR CEPHELER İLE ENERJİ ETKİN TASARIM

Year 2023, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 1 - 18, 31.12.2023

Mehmet Esgil Ruşen Yamaçlı

https://doi.org/10.58317/eksen.1289803

Abstract

Binalar, küresel enerji tüketiminin büyük bir kısmını oluşturmaktadır. Binalarda enerji tüketiminin sebep olduğu hem ekonomik hem de çevresel sorunlar, enerji etkin tasarımın önemini her geçen gün artırmaktadır. Binalarda harcanan enerji genellikle değişen iklim koşullarına karşı iç-dış mekân ilişkisini dengede tutarak, kullanıcı konforunun sağlanması için harcanmaktadır. Bu nedenle enerji verimliliği konusunda dış ortamın yapı ile ilk temas ettiği yüzey olan cephelerin rolü büyüktür. Gelişen teknoloji ile birlikte çözüm olarak malzeme, sistem ve bileşenler aracılığı ile belli parametrelere göre işlevlerinde değişiklik yapabilen uyarlanabilir cepheler geliştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, uyarlanabilir cephelerin enerji etkin tasarıma ne ölçüde katkı sağladığının belirlenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda, ilk olarak, cephenin enerji verimliliği konusundaki önemi belirtilerek, yapıyı oluşturan diğer bileşenlerle ilişkisi irdelenmiştir. Daha sonra, enerji etkin cephe tasarımı için belli parametreler belirlenmiş ve bu parametreleri karşılayabilecek en etkili çözümün uyarlanabilir cepheler olduğu vurgulanmıştır. Uyarlanabilir cephelerin tanımı, onları geleneksel cephelerden ayıran özellikleri ve önemi belirtildikten sonra, değişen çevresel koşullara verdiği tepkilere göre pasif ve aktif uyarlanabilir cephe olarak iki sınıfa ayrılmıştır. Ardından, uyarlanabilir cepheye sahip altı örnek tasarım yaklaşımları, belirlenen enerji etkin cephe tasarım parametrelerini karşılamaları ve sahip oldukları pasif-aktif uyarlanabilir cephe türüne göre incelenmiş ve değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda uyarlanabilir cephelerin enerji etkin cephe tasarım parametrelerine verdiği yanıtlar ile enerji verimliliğine önemli ölçüde katkı sağladığı tespit edilmiş, ayrıca pasif ve aktif cephe sistemlerinin birlikte entegre bir şekilde kullanıldığı uyarlanabilir cepheler, enerji etkinliği bakımından en ideal çözüm olarak önerilmiştir.

Keywords

Uyarlanabilir cephe Enerji etkinliği Mimari tasarım Aktif cepheler Pasif cepheler

References

  • Aelenei, D., Aelenei, L. ve Vieira, C. P. (2016). Adaptive façade: Concept, applications, research questions. Energy Procedia, 91, 269-275.
  • Archdaily (2013). Kfw Westarkade / Sauerbruch Hutton. Web adresinden 11 Nisan 2023 tarihinde erişildi: https://www.archdaily.com/316143/kfw-westarkade-sauerbruch-hutton
  • Archdaily (2015). SDU Campus Kolding / Henning Larsen. Web adresinden 17 Haziran 2023 tarihinde erişildi: https://www.archdaily.com/590576/sdu-campus-kolding-henning-larsen-architects
  • Archdaily (2017). SCI Arc / Habitat for Humanity Los Angeles + Darin Johnstone. Web adresinden 17 Haziran 2023 tarihinde erişildi: https://www.archdaily.com/874907/ivrv-sci-arc-plus-darin-johnstone-architects
  • Architizer (2012). Watercube – National Swimming Centre [Fotoğraf]. Web adresinden 27 Nisan 2023 tarihinde erişildi: https://architizer.com/projects/watercube-national-swimming-centre/
  • ARUP (b.t.). A form inspired by the natural formation of soap bubbles. Web adresinden 10 Nisan 2023 tarihinde erişildi: https://www.arup.com/projects/chinese-national-aquatics-center
  • Attia, S., Lioure, R. ve Declaude, Q. (2020). Future trends and main concepts of adaptive facade systems. Energy Science & Engineering, 8(9), 3255-3272.
  • Bitter, J. (2010). Sauerbruch Hutton KfW Westarkade, Frankfurt, 2010 [Fotoğraf]. Web adresinden 27 Nisan 2023 tarihinde erişildi: https://www.janbitter.de/sauerbruch-hutton/
  • Brake, A. G. (2015) Henning Larsen's university building has a facade that moves in response to changing heat and light. Web adresinden 17 Haziran 2023 tarihinde erişildi: https://www.dezeen.com/2015/07/14/henning-larsen-syddansk-universitet-sdu-kolding-campus-building-denmark-green-standards-university/
  • Bui, D. K., Nguyen, T. N., Ghazlan, A., Ngo, N. T. ve Ngo, T. D. (2020). Enhancing building energy efficiency by adaptive façade: a computational optimization approach. Applied Energy, 265, 114797.
  • Cottee, J. (2020). Cube Berlin – A kaleidoscopic reflection of Berlin’s cityscape. Web adresinden 11 Nisan 2023 tarihinde erişildi: https://designwanted.com/cube-berlin-3xn/
  • GlassonWeb (2019). Cube Berlin: Double skin façade that meets complex aesthetic and technical performance requirements. Web adresinden 11 Nisan 2023 tarihinde erişildi: https://www.glassonweb.com/news/cube-berlin-double-skin-facade-meets-complex-aesthetic-and-technical-performance-requirements
  • Habibi, S., Valladares, O. P., ve Peña, D. M. (2022). Sustainability performance by ten representative intelligent façade technologies: a systematic review. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 52, 102001.
  • Halawa, E., Ghaffarianhoseini, A., Ghaffarianhoseini, A., Trombley, J., Hassan, N., Baig, M., Yusoff, S.Y. ve Ismail, M. A. (2018). A review on energy conscious designs of building façades in hot and humid climates: Lessons for (and from) Kuala Lumpur and Darwin. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 82, 2147-2161.
  • Inhabit (b.t.) Brisbane Airport Domestic Terminal Carpark. Web adresinden 16 Haziran 2023 tarihinde erişildi: https://inhabitgroup.com/project/brisbane-airport-domestic-terminal-carpark-brisbane-australia/
  • Jahed, N. (2018). Performance based façades: Retrofit strategies for energy efficiency and comfort in existing office buildings. (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Karadağ, İ. ve Çakmaklı, A. B. (2020). Interface of the Natural Ventilation Systems with Building Management Systems. Periodica Polytechnica Architecture, 51(2), 178-188.
  • Kocaağa, M. ve Özcan, U. (2022). Variables affecting the performance of facade systems in architecture. Çavuş, V. & Bardak, S. (Eds.) Research & Reviews in Engineering içinde (ss.97-133). Ankara: Gece Kitaplığı.
  • Konstantinou, T. ve Hoces, A. P. (2018). Environmental design principles for the building envelope and more: Passive and active measures. Konstantinou, T., Cukovic, N., ve Zbasnik M. (Eds.), Energy-Resources and Building Performance içinde (ss.147-180). Delft: TU Delft Open.
  • Korniyenko, S. (2021). Progressive trend in adaptive façade system technology. AlfaBuild, 19(4), 18-35.
  • Li, Y., Zhao, Y., Chi, Y., Hong, Y. ve Yin, J. (2021). Shape-morphing materials and structures for energy-efficient building envelopes. Materials Today Energy, 22, 100874.
  • Mar (2020). Cube Berlin Architecture Cityscape. Web adresinden 11 Nisan 2023 tarihinde erişildi: https://designstudio-mag.com/cube-berlin-architecture-cityscape-design-studio-mag-powered-by-furrina/
  • Mazzucchelli, E. S., Aelenei, L. E., Gomes, M. D. G., Karlessi, T., Alston, M. ve Aelenei, D. (2018). Passive adaptive façades: Examples from COST TU1403 working group 1. Luible, A. ve Gosztonyi, S. (Eds.), Facade 2018-Adaptive: Adaptive Facades Network Final Conference içinde (ss. 63-72). Lucerne: TU Delft Open.
  • McKnight, J. (2016). SCI-Arc students build affordable home in low-income Los Angeles neighbourhood. Web adresinden 17 Haziran 2023 tarihinde erişildi: https://www.dezeen.com/2016/06/22/sci-arc-students-habitat-for-humanity-residential-architecture-low-income-los-angeles-neighbourhood-california-usa/
  • Mørk, A. (2020). 3XN unveils cube-shaped office block in central Berlin[Fotoğraf]. Web adresinden 11 Nisan 2023 tarihinde erişildi: https://www.dezeen.com/2020/09/03/berlin-cube-office-block-3xn-washingtonplatz/
  • Orhon, A. V. (2016). Adaptive building shells. Efe, R., Matchavariani, L., Yaldır, A., Lévai, L. (Eds) Developments in Science and Engineering içinde (ss.555-567). Sofia: St. Kliment Ohridski University Press.
  • Pieczara, J. (2017). Natural ventilation and energy efficiency in non-domestic buildings. Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich, (III/1), 935-947.
  • Ravenscroft, T.(2020). 3XN unveils cube-shaped office block in central Berlin. Web adresinden 11 Nisan 2023 tarihinde erişildi: https://www.dezeen.com/2020/09/03/berlin-cube-office-block-3xn-washingtonplatz/
  • Richardson, A. (2009). ETFE: Why this building material is gaining popularity. Web adresinden 10 Nisan 2023 tarihinde erişildi: https://www.architen.com/articles/etfe-the-new-fabric-roof/
  • Saflex (2020). Cube Berlin. Web adresinden 16 Haziran 2023 tarihinde erişildi: https://www.saflex.com/gallery/cube-berlin
  • Sarıcıoğlu, P. ve Ayçam, İ. (2018). Değişim ve dönüşümün cephelere yansıması: Kinetik cephelerin sürdürülebilirlik aç̧ısından potansiyelinin incelenmesi. ISUEP2018 Uluslararası Kentleşme ve Çevre Sorunları Sempozyumu: Değişim/Dönüşüm/Özgünlük, 28-30 Haziran 2018 içinde (ss. 368-378). Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi.
  • Sauerbruch, M. (2011). Sustainable architecture. Detail Green English, 1, 26-31.
  • Schubert, M. ve Lindhe J., (b.t.). SDU Campus Kolding / Henning Larsen. Web adresinden 17 Haziran 2023 tarihinde erişildi: https://www.archdaily.com/590576/sdu-campus-kolding-henning-larsen-architects
  • Soudian, S. ve Berardi, U. (2021). Development of a performance-based design framework for multifunctional climate-responsive façades. Energy and Buildings, 231, 110589.
  • Suner, A. (2011). Adaptive architecture. Çevresel Etkenlere Göre Değişebilen Mimari, Mayıs-Haziran, 85-86.
  • Tabadkani, A., Roetzel, A., Li, H. X. ve Tsangrassoulis, A. (2021). Design approaches and typologies of adaptive facades: A review. Automation in Construction, 121, 103450.
  • Voigt, M. P., Chwalek, K., Roth, D., Kreimeyer, M. ve Blandini, L. (2023). The integrated design process of adaptive façades: a comprehensive perspective. Journal of Building Engineering, 67, 106043.
  • White, J. (2016). SCI-Arc and Habitat for Humanity of Greater Los Angeles Complete Innovative, Sustainable and Affordable Home for Local Veteran and Family. Web adresinden 17 Haziran 2023 tarihinde erişildi: https://www.sciarc.edu/news/2016/sci-arc-habitat-for-humanity-la-home-completed
  • Yaman, B. ve Arpacıoğlu, Ü. (2021). Dinamik kontrollü uyarlanabilir cephe ve gölgeleme sistemleri. Journal of Architectural Sciences and Applications, 6(1), 153-164.
  • Yaman, M. (2021). Different facade types and building integration in energy efficient building design strategies. International Journal of Built Environment and Sustainability, 8(2), 49-61.
  • Zou, P. X. ve Leslie-Carter, R. (2010). Lessons learned from managing the design of the ‘Water Cube’ National Swimming Centre for the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 6(3), 175-188.
  • UAP (2012) Turbulent Line, Brisbane, Australia. Web adresinden 16 Haziran 2023 tarihinde erişildi: https://www.uapcompany.com/projects/turbulent-line#gallery
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Architecture
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Mehmet Esgil 0000-0002-6846-0404

Ruşen Yamaçlı 0000-0001-9659-9246

Publication Date December 31, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 4 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Esgil, M., & Yamaçlı, R. (2023). UYARLANABİLİR CEPHELER İLE ENERJİ ETKİN TASARIM. EKSEN Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(2), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.58317/eksen.1289803
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