Research Article
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The Effect of Elevated Temperature on the Lightweight Concrete Produced by Expanded Clay Aggregate and Calcium Aluminate Cement

Year 2017, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 59 - 70, 30.11.2017

Abstract

In this study, the influence of elevated
temperature on the physical and mechanical properties of concrete produced by
expanded clay aggregate and calcium aluminate cement (CAC) was investigated.
For this purpose three different mixture were prepared. First mixture was
produced by using ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and natural aggregate. Second mixture
was prepared by OPC and expanded clay aggregate. Third mixture was produced by
using CAC and expanded clay aggregate. The water-cement (w/c) ratio used in the
mixtures was determined as 0.50. The concrete specimens were heated in an
electric furnace up to 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 °C and kept at these
temperatures for one hour. Two cooling regimes (slow and fast) were used. The
residual compressive strength, weight loss, water absorption and porosity ratio
and ultrasonic wave velocity values of the specimens were measured. The test
results show that exposing to elevated temperatures adversely affected the
mechanical and physical properties of the specimens containing OPC and natural
aggregate. However, the lightweight concretes produced by expanded clay
aggregate demonstrated better performance. Fast cooling (FC) method caused
significant strength losses than slow cooling (SC) method.

References

  • ACI Committee 213R-14. (2014). Guide for structural lightweight aggregate concrete. Manual of Concrete Practice. American Concrete Institute. Michigan, USA.
  • Ahmed, A.E., Al-Shaikh, A.H., Arafat, T. I. (1992). Residual compressive and bond strength of limestone aggregate concrete subjected to elevated temperatures. Magazine of Concrete Research, 44, 117-125.
  • Ahmmad, R., Alengaram, U.J., Jumaat, M. Z., Sulong, N.H.R., Yusuf, M.O., Rehman, M. A. (2017). Feasibility study on the use of high volume palm oil clinker waste in environmental friendly lightweight concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 135, 94-103.
  • Ahn, Y.B., Jang, J.G., Lee, H.K. (2016). Mechanical properties of lightweight concrete made with coal ashes after exposure to elevated temperatures. Cement and Concrete Composites, 72, 27-38.
  • Akçaözoğlu, S., Akçaözoğlu, K. and Atiş, C.D. (2013). Thermal conductivity, compressive strength and ultrasonic wave velocity of cementitious composite containing waste PET lightweight aggregate (WPLA). Composites Part B: Engineering, 45(1), 721-726.
  • Al-Sibahy, A., Edwards, R. (2012). Thermal behaviour of novel lightweight concrete at ambient and elevated temperatures: Experimental, modelling and parametric studies. Construction and Building Materials, 31, 174-187.
  • Andıç Çakır, Ö., Hızal, S. (2012). Influence of elevated temperatures on the mechanical properties and microstructure of self-consolidating lightweight aggregate concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 34, 575-583.
  • ASTM C 597-09. (2009). Standard test method for pulse velocity through concrete. American society for testing and materials. USA.
  • Aydın, S. (2008). Development of a high-temperature-resistant mortar by using slag and pumice. Fire Safety Journal, 43, 610-617.
  • Bilim, C. (2011). Properties of cement mortars containing clinoptilolite as a supplementary cementitious material. Construction and Building Materials, 25, 3175-3180.
  • Chan, S.Y.N., Luo, X., Sun, W. (2000). Compressive strength and pore structure of high-performance concrete after exposure to high temperature up to 800 °C. Cement and Concrete Research, 30(2), 247-251.
  • Chan, S.Y.N., Luo, X., Sun, W. (2000). Effect of high temperature and cooling regimes on the compressive strength and pore properties of high performance concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 14, 261-266.
  • Cülfik, M.S., Özturan, T. (2002). Effect of elevated temperatures on the residual mechanical properties of high-performance mortar. Cement and Concrete Research, 32, 809-816.
  • Cülfik, M.S., Özturan, T. (2010). Mechanical properties of normal and high strength concretes subjected to high temperatures and using image analysis to detect bond deteriorations. Construction and Building Materials, 24, 1486-1493.
  • Demirel, B., Keleştemur, O. (2010). Effect of elevated temperature on the mechanical properties of concrete produced with finely ground pumice and silica fume. Fire Safety Journal, 45, 385-391, 2010.
  • Ewais, E. M. M., Khalil, N. M., M. S. Amin, Y. M. Z. (2009). Ahmed, and M. A. Barakat, Utilization of aluminum sludge and aluminum slag (dross) for the manufacture of calcium aluminate cement. Ceramics International, 35, 3381-3388.
  • Fernandez-Carrasco, L., Puertas, P., Blanco-Varela, M. T., Vazquez, T., Rius, J. (2005). Synthesis and crystal structure solution of potassium dawsonite: An intermediate compound in the alkaline hydrolysis of calcium aluminate cements. Cement and Concrete Research, 35, 641-646.
  • Girgis, L. G., El-Hemaly, S.A.S., Halil, N.M. (2000). Preparation and characterization of some improved high-alumina cement compositions. Tile & Brick International, 16(4), 250-256.
  • Go, C-G., Tang, J-R., Chi, J-H., Chen, C-T., Huang, Y-L. (2010). Fire-resistance property of reinforced lightweight aggregate concrete wall. Construction and Building Materials, 30, 725-733.
  • Hertz, K.D. (2005). Concrete strength for fire safety design. Magazine of Concrete Research. 57(8). 445-453.
  • Huang, Z., Liew, J.Y.R., Li, W. (2017). Evaluation of compressive behavior of ultra-lightweight cement composite after elevated temperature exposure. Construction and Building Materials, 148, 579-589.
  • Jang, H-S., So, H-S., So, S. (2016). The properties of reactive powder concrete using PP fiber and pozzolanic materials at elevated temperature. Journal of Building Engineering, 8, 225-230.
  • Juenger, M. C. G, Winnefeld, F., Provis, J.L., Ideker, J.H. (2011). Advances in alternative cementitious binders. Cement and Concrete Research, 41, 1232-1243.
  • Khoury, G.A. (1992). Compressive strength of concrete at high temperatures: a reassessment. Magazine of Concrete Research, 44(161), 291-309.
  • Khoury, G.A., Majorana, C. (2003). Effect of heat on concrete. International Centre for Mechanical Sciences. Udine, Italy.
  • Kırca, Ö. (2006). Temperature effect on calcium aluminate cement based composite binders [Ph.D. thesis]. Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.
  • Kızılkanat, A.B., Yüzer, N. (2008). Compressive strength-color change relationship in mortars subjected to high temperatures. Chamber of Civil Engineers Technical Journal, 289, 4381-4392.
  • Köksal, F., Gencel, O., Brostow, W., Hagg Lobland, H. E. (2012). Effect of high temperature on mechanical and physical properties of lightweight cement based refractory including expanded vermiculite. Materials Research Innovations, 16(1), 7-13.
  • Kong, F.K., Evans, R.H., Cohen, E., Roll, F. (1983). Handbook of structural concrete. Pitman Books Limited, London, England.
  • Lau, A., Anson, M. (2006). Effect of high temperatures on high performance steel fibre reinforced concrete,” Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 36, pp. 1698-1707, 2006.
  • Li, Z., Ding, Z.(2003). Property improvement of portland cement by incorporating with metakaolin and slag. Cement and Concrete Research, 33(4), 579-584.
  • Lin, W.M., Lin, T.D., Powers-Couche, L.J. (1996). Microstructures of fire-damaged concrete. ACI Material Journal, 93(3), 199-205.
  • Mohammadhosseini, H., Yatim, J.M. (2017). Microstructure and residual properties of green concrete composites incorporating waste carpet fibers and palm oil fuel ash at elevated temperatures. Journal of Cleaner Production, 144, 8-21.
  • Neven, U. (2010). Kinetic modeling of calcium aluminate cement hydration. Chemical Engineering Science, 65, 5605-5614.
  • Neville, A.M., Brooks, J.J. (1987). Concrete technology. Longman Group UK Limited, USA.
  • Othuman, M.A., Wang, Y.C. (2011). Elevated-temperature thermal properties of lightweight foamed concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 25, 705-716.
  • Öztürk, H. (2008). Thermal resistance of calcium aluminate cement and usage as a monolithic refractory material [M.Sc. thesis]. Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
  • Peng, G-F., Bian, S-H., Guo, Z-Q., Zhao, J., Peng, X-L., Jiang, Y-C. (2008). Effect of thermal shock due to rapid cooling on residual mechanical properties of fiber concrete exposed to high temperatures. Construction and Building Materials, 22, 948-955.
  • Postacıoğlu, B. (1986). Concrete, Volume 1: Binding Materials. Matbaa Teknisyenleri Press. İstanbul, Turkey.
  • Sarshar, R., Khoury, G.A. (1993). Material and environmental factors influencing the compressive strength of unsealed cement paste and concrete at high temperatures. Magazine of Concrete Research, 45(162), 51-61.
  • Scrivener, K.L. (2003). Calcium aluminate cements, Advanced Concrete Technology: Constituent Materials. In: Newman, J.B., Choo, B.S. (Ed.). Vol. 2, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.
  • Scrivener, K.L., Cabiron, J-L., Letourneux, R. (1999). High-performance concretes from calcium aluminate cements. Cement and Concrete Research, 29, 1215-1223.
  • Tanyıldızı, H., Coşkun, A. (2008). Performance of lightweight concrete with silica fume after high temperature. Construction and Building Materials, 22, 2124-2129.
  • Topçu, İ.B. (1997). Semi lightweight concretes produced by volcanic slags. Cement and Concrete Research, 27(1), 15-21.
  • Topçu, İ.B. (2006). Concrete technology. Uğur Press, Eskişehir, Turkey.
  • Topçu, İ.B., Demir, A. (2007). The effect of high temperature application time on the mortar properties. 7. National Concrete Congress, İstanbul.
  • TS 3624. (1981). Test method for determination the specific gravity the absorption water and the void ratio in hardened concrete. Turkish Standard Institution. Ankara, Turkey.
  • TS 706 EN 12620+A1. (2009). Aggregates for concrete, Turkish Standard Institution. Ankara, Turkey.
  • TS 802. (2009). Design concrete mixes. Turkish Standard Institution. Ankara, Turkey, 2009.
  • TS EN 12390-3. (2010). Testing hardened concrete - Part 3: Compressive strength of test specimens. Turkish Standard Institution. Ankara, Turkey.
  • TS EN 14647. (2010). Calcium aluminate cement-Composition, specifications and conformity criteria. Turkish Standard Institution. Ankara, Turkey.
  • TS EN 196-1. (2009). Methods of testing cement - Part 1: Determination of strength. Turkish Standard Institution. Ankara, Turkey, 2009.
  • TS EN 197-1. (2012). Cement - Part 1: Composition, specification and conformity criteria for common cements. Turkish Standard Institution. Ankara, Turkey.
  • TS EN 934-2. (2011). Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout - Part 2: Concrete admixtures-Definitions, requirements, conformity, marking and labeling. Turkish Standard Institution. Ankara, Turkey.
  • Xu, X., Wong, Y.L., Poon, C.S., Anson, M. (2001). Impact of high temperature on PFA concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 31, 1065-1073.
Year 2017, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 59 - 70, 30.11.2017

Abstract

References

  • ACI Committee 213R-14. (2014). Guide for structural lightweight aggregate concrete. Manual of Concrete Practice. American Concrete Institute. Michigan, USA.
  • Ahmed, A.E., Al-Shaikh, A.H., Arafat, T. I. (1992). Residual compressive and bond strength of limestone aggregate concrete subjected to elevated temperatures. Magazine of Concrete Research, 44, 117-125.
  • Ahmmad, R., Alengaram, U.J., Jumaat, M. Z., Sulong, N.H.R., Yusuf, M.O., Rehman, M. A. (2017). Feasibility study on the use of high volume palm oil clinker waste in environmental friendly lightweight concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 135, 94-103.
  • Ahn, Y.B., Jang, J.G., Lee, H.K. (2016). Mechanical properties of lightweight concrete made with coal ashes after exposure to elevated temperatures. Cement and Concrete Composites, 72, 27-38.
  • Akçaözoğlu, S., Akçaözoğlu, K. and Atiş, C.D. (2013). Thermal conductivity, compressive strength and ultrasonic wave velocity of cementitious composite containing waste PET lightweight aggregate (WPLA). Composites Part B: Engineering, 45(1), 721-726.
  • Al-Sibahy, A., Edwards, R. (2012). Thermal behaviour of novel lightweight concrete at ambient and elevated temperatures: Experimental, modelling and parametric studies. Construction and Building Materials, 31, 174-187.
  • Andıç Çakır, Ö., Hızal, S. (2012). Influence of elevated temperatures on the mechanical properties and microstructure of self-consolidating lightweight aggregate concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 34, 575-583.
  • ASTM C 597-09. (2009). Standard test method for pulse velocity through concrete. American society for testing and materials. USA.
  • Aydın, S. (2008). Development of a high-temperature-resistant mortar by using slag and pumice. Fire Safety Journal, 43, 610-617.
  • Bilim, C. (2011). Properties of cement mortars containing clinoptilolite as a supplementary cementitious material. Construction and Building Materials, 25, 3175-3180.
  • Chan, S.Y.N., Luo, X., Sun, W. (2000). Compressive strength and pore structure of high-performance concrete after exposure to high temperature up to 800 °C. Cement and Concrete Research, 30(2), 247-251.
  • Chan, S.Y.N., Luo, X., Sun, W. (2000). Effect of high temperature and cooling regimes on the compressive strength and pore properties of high performance concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 14, 261-266.
  • Cülfik, M.S., Özturan, T. (2002). Effect of elevated temperatures on the residual mechanical properties of high-performance mortar. Cement and Concrete Research, 32, 809-816.
  • Cülfik, M.S., Özturan, T. (2010). Mechanical properties of normal and high strength concretes subjected to high temperatures and using image analysis to detect bond deteriorations. Construction and Building Materials, 24, 1486-1493.
  • Demirel, B., Keleştemur, O. (2010). Effect of elevated temperature on the mechanical properties of concrete produced with finely ground pumice and silica fume. Fire Safety Journal, 45, 385-391, 2010.
  • Ewais, E. M. M., Khalil, N. M., M. S. Amin, Y. M. Z. (2009). Ahmed, and M. A. Barakat, Utilization of aluminum sludge and aluminum slag (dross) for the manufacture of calcium aluminate cement. Ceramics International, 35, 3381-3388.
  • Fernandez-Carrasco, L., Puertas, P., Blanco-Varela, M. T., Vazquez, T., Rius, J. (2005). Synthesis and crystal structure solution of potassium dawsonite: An intermediate compound in the alkaline hydrolysis of calcium aluminate cements. Cement and Concrete Research, 35, 641-646.
  • Girgis, L. G., El-Hemaly, S.A.S., Halil, N.M. (2000). Preparation and characterization of some improved high-alumina cement compositions. Tile & Brick International, 16(4), 250-256.
  • Go, C-G., Tang, J-R., Chi, J-H., Chen, C-T., Huang, Y-L. (2010). Fire-resistance property of reinforced lightweight aggregate concrete wall. Construction and Building Materials, 30, 725-733.
  • Hertz, K.D. (2005). Concrete strength for fire safety design. Magazine of Concrete Research. 57(8). 445-453.
  • Huang, Z., Liew, J.Y.R., Li, W. (2017). Evaluation of compressive behavior of ultra-lightweight cement composite after elevated temperature exposure. Construction and Building Materials, 148, 579-589.
  • Jang, H-S., So, H-S., So, S. (2016). The properties of reactive powder concrete using PP fiber and pozzolanic materials at elevated temperature. Journal of Building Engineering, 8, 225-230.
  • Juenger, M. C. G, Winnefeld, F., Provis, J.L., Ideker, J.H. (2011). Advances in alternative cementitious binders. Cement and Concrete Research, 41, 1232-1243.
  • Khoury, G.A. (1992). Compressive strength of concrete at high temperatures: a reassessment. Magazine of Concrete Research, 44(161), 291-309.
  • Khoury, G.A., Majorana, C. (2003). Effect of heat on concrete. International Centre for Mechanical Sciences. Udine, Italy.
  • Kırca, Ö. (2006). Temperature effect on calcium aluminate cement based composite binders [Ph.D. thesis]. Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.
  • Kızılkanat, A.B., Yüzer, N. (2008). Compressive strength-color change relationship in mortars subjected to high temperatures. Chamber of Civil Engineers Technical Journal, 289, 4381-4392.
  • Köksal, F., Gencel, O., Brostow, W., Hagg Lobland, H. E. (2012). Effect of high temperature on mechanical and physical properties of lightweight cement based refractory including expanded vermiculite. Materials Research Innovations, 16(1), 7-13.
  • Kong, F.K., Evans, R.H., Cohen, E., Roll, F. (1983). Handbook of structural concrete. Pitman Books Limited, London, England.
  • Lau, A., Anson, M. (2006). Effect of high temperatures on high performance steel fibre reinforced concrete,” Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 36, pp. 1698-1707, 2006.
  • Li, Z., Ding, Z.(2003). Property improvement of portland cement by incorporating with metakaolin and slag. Cement and Concrete Research, 33(4), 579-584.
  • Lin, W.M., Lin, T.D., Powers-Couche, L.J. (1996). Microstructures of fire-damaged concrete. ACI Material Journal, 93(3), 199-205.
  • Mohammadhosseini, H., Yatim, J.M. (2017). Microstructure and residual properties of green concrete composites incorporating waste carpet fibers and palm oil fuel ash at elevated temperatures. Journal of Cleaner Production, 144, 8-21.
  • Neven, U. (2010). Kinetic modeling of calcium aluminate cement hydration. Chemical Engineering Science, 65, 5605-5614.
  • Neville, A.M., Brooks, J.J. (1987). Concrete technology. Longman Group UK Limited, USA.
  • Othuman, M.A., Wang, Y.C. (2011). Elevated-temperature thermal properties of lightweight foamed concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 25, 705-716.
  • Öztürk, H. (2008). Thermal resistance of calcium aluminate cement and usage as a monolithic refractory material [M.Sc. thesis]. Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
  • Peng, G-F., Bian, S-H., Guo, Z-Q., Zhao, J., Peng, X-L., Jiang, Y-C. (2008). Effect of thermal shock due to rapid cooling on residual mechanical properties of fiber concrete exposed to high temperatures. Construction and Building Materials, 22, 948-955.
  • Postacıoğlu, B. (1986). Concrete, Volume 1: Binding Materials. Matbaa Teknisyenleri Press. İstanbul, Turkey.
  • Sarshar, R., Khoury, G.A. (1993). Material and environmental factors influencing the compressive strength of unsealed cement paste and concrete at high temperatures. Magazine of Concrete Research, 45(162), 51-61.
  • Scrivener, K.L. (2003). Calcium aluminate cements, Advanced Concrete Technology: Constituent Materials. In: Newman, J.B., Choo, B.S. (Ed.). Vol. 2, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.
  • Scrivener, K.L., Cabiron, J-L., Letourneux, R. (1999). High-performance concretes from calcium aluminate cements. Cement and Concrete Research, 29, 1215-1223.
  • Tanyıldızı, H., Coşkun, A. (2008). Performance of lightweight concrete with silica fume after high temperature. Construction and Building Materials, 22, 2124-2129.
  • Topçu, İ.B. (1997). Semi lightweight concretes produced by volcanic slags. Cement and Concrete Research, 27(1), 15-21.
  • Topçu, İ.B. (2006). Concrete technology. Uğur Press, Eskişehir, Turkey.
  • Topçu, İ.B., Demir, A. (2007). The effect of high temperature application time on the mortar properties. 7. National Concrete Congress, İstanbul.
  • TS 3624. (1981). Test method for determination the specific gravity the absorption water and the void ratio in hardened concrete. Turkish Standard Institution. Ankara, Turkey.
  • TS 706 EN 12620+A1. (2009). Aggregates for concrete, Turkish Standard Institution. Ankara, Turkey.
  • TS 802. (2009). Design concrete mixes. Turkish Standard Institution. Ankara, Turkey, 2009.
  • TS EN 12390-3. (2010). Testing hardened concrete - Part 3: Compressive strength of test specimens. Turkish Standard Institution. Ankara, Turkey.
  • TS EN 14647. (2010). Calcium aluminate cement-Composition, specifications and conformity criteria. Turkish Standard Institution. Ankara, Turkey.
  • TS EN 196-1. (2009). Methods of testing cement - Part 1: Determination of strength. Turkish Standard Institution. Ankara, Turkey, 2009.
  • TS EN 197-1. (2012). Cement - Part 1: Composition, specification and conformity criteria for common cements. Turkish Standard Institution. Ankara, Turkey.
  • TS EN 934-2. (2011). Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout - Part 2: Concrete admixtures-Definitions, requirements, conformity, marking and labeling. Turkish Standard Institution. Ankara, Turkey.
  • Xu, X., Wong, Y.L., Poon, C.S., Anson, M. (2001). Impact of high temperature on PFA concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 31, 1065-1073.
There are 55 citations in total.

Details

Subjects Civil Engineering, Material Production Technologies
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Kubilay Akçaözoğlu

Semiha Akçaözoğlu

Publication Date November 30, 2017
Acceptance Date November 3, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 1 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Akçaözoğlu, K., & Akçaözoğlu, S. (2017). The Effect of Elevated Temperature on the Lightweight Concrete Produced by Expanded Clay Aggregate and Calcium Aluminate Cement. Bilge International Journal of Science and Technology Research, 1(2), 59-70.